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我们发现了恐龙生存的黄金时代 We're living through THE golden age of dinosaur discoveries.
在世界各地,一系列全新的恐龙陆续被发掘 All over the world,a whole new generation of dinosaurs has been revealed.
从庞然巨物... From the biggest giants...
和最致命的猎者... and the deadliest killers...
到怪诞惊奇的 to the weird and wonderful.
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从北极到非洲 From the Arctic to Africa.
从南美到亚洲 From South America to Asia.
在过去的几年中 In just the last few years,
我们找到了一些珍贵的化石 we have uncovered the most extraordinary fossils,
有精美细致和惊人的完整的 exquisitely preserved and tantalisingly intact.
利用现今的成像技术 Combined with the latest imaging technology,
我们得以更深入的研究并揭开了更多的谜题 we have been able to probe deeper and reveal more than ever before.
也首次为我们敞开了关于这些惊人动物的全球性视角 It gives us our first truly global view of these incredible animals.
BBC 恐龙星球 第1季第1集 失落的世界
依计划,我们探寻非洲失落的世界 In this programme, we're exploring the lost world of Africa.
近100年来,这里是一片无人问津的土地 For almost 100 years,this was a forgotten land.
现在,新的证据显示 Now, new discoveries have revealed
这里曾生活着一些最惊人的恐龙 some of the most spectacular dinosaurs ever found.
两种巨兽杀手 Two giant killers,
都比霸王龙更庞大 both bigger than T Rex,
共同生活在同一个地方 both living in the same place.
其中的一位杀手，是你怎么也想象不到的 One of these killers, more than any,has captured the imagination.
另一位怪异杀手是我们在前几年才修复完成的 A bizarre killer that we've only just managed to reconstruct,in the last few years.
这个故事始于1912年的埃及 The story begins in Egypt, in 1912,
当时发现了一些巨型恐龙化石的碎片 when fragments of a giant dinosaur were discovered.
一种背上长着两米长脊刺的掠食动物 A predator with two-metre-long spines rising over its back.
牠有别于任何一种已知的恐龙 It was unlike anything seen before.
虽然只有一块在2005年被发现的完整上颌骨 It was only in 2005,when a complete upper jaw was found,
但我们能准确的重现这种怪异的生物 that we could accurately reconstruct this bizarre creature.
由于其近2米长的头骨 With a skull almost two metres long,
这种庞大的恐龙从鼻子到尾巴 this dinosaur was a colossal 17 metres
可长达17米 from nose to tail -
比霸王龙还长4米 four metres longer than T Rex.
这种恐龙于2亿5千万年前在地球出现 The reign of the dinosaurs began almost 250 million years ago.
但这种恐龙在白垩纪中期就销声匿迹了 But this killer didn't appear until a time known as the Mid-Cretaceous.
9500万能年前,牠在非洲的地盘 95 million years ago,its home in north Africa
是一种被沙漠包围的河流和沼泽交错的庞大生态系 was a desert surrounding a vast system of rivers and swamps.
沼泽是许多大型恐龙的避难所 The swamps are refuges for many large dinosaurs,
比如鸭嘴无畏龙 like the duck-billed Ouranosaurus.
牠们也是杀手的猎食对象 They're also the hunting grounds for a killer.
有着7米长,3吨重的体型,无畏龙算大型了... At seven metres and three tonnes,Ouranosaurs are big...
但也更容易被大型猎食恐龙锁定 ..but easily within the scope of a large predator.
那就是棘背龙 Spinosaurus.
其17米长的体型,使其成为地球史上最大的杀手 At 17 metres, the biggest killer ever to walk the Earth.
一个11吨重的庞然巨物 An 11-tonne colossus.
然而,在这一刻 However, for the time being,
这些无畏龙正是杀手的猎捕对象 these Ouranosaurs are off this killer's menu.
棘背龙只是新近发现的恐龙群中的一种而已 Spinosaurus is part of a family of dinosaurs that are relatively newly-discovered.
最新证据显示,这种生活在南美的 Recent finds have shown that this strange group
怪异恐龙,曾穿越欧洲并到达亚洲 lived from South America,through Europe, to Asia.
但最后最大的来自北非 But the last and biggest of all came from north Africa.
就是棘背龙了 Spinosaurus itself.
2010年,牠们骨骼和牙齿的分析报告揭示了一些惊人的事 In 2010, analysis of their bones and teeth revealed something surprising.
化石上残留的化学痕迹显示棘背龙 Chemical traces found in the fossils suggested the Spinosaurus lived
更像是跟鳄鱼一样生活在陆地边缘的恐龙 more like a crocodile than other land-based dinosaurs.
也就是说牠们大部分时间都生活在水中 It showed that they spent a large part of their lives in water.
棘背龙是猎食恐龙,但牠们只在水中狩猎 Spinosaurus is a predator,but one that hunts in water.
以鱼为主食 It's ichthyophagous - a fish-eater.
这是帆锯鳐 This is Onchopristis.
一种8米长的巨型箭鱼 An eight-metre-long giant swordfish,
牠的同类一直存活至今 similar to those alive today.
整齐排列着像锯齿一样的倒钩 The saw-like rostrum is lined with lethal barbs,
每列能长到长达2.5米 and is in itself up to 2.5 metres in length.
牠们会考虑迁移到淡水河川中繁殖 It's thought they migrated into freshwater rivers to breed,
在那里幼鱼会安全一些 where the young may be safer,
但成年帆锯鳐就要面对新威胁 but the adults are exposed to new threats.
牠们在繁殖季大批聚集 With their breeding season at its height,
河川中到处是帆锯鳐 these rivers are filled with Onchopristis.
此时是棘背龙最棒的捕食机会 It's the perfect hunting opportunity for Spinosaurus.
棘背龙用演化出的圆锥形牙齿咬住猎物 Spinosaurus's conical teeth evolved to grip prey
而不是撕扯猎物的肉 rather than tear off flesh.
所以进食需要更强力的前臂和爪子 For that,it needs powerful arms and claws.
由于猎物不虞匮乏,棘背龙进食很挑剔 With prey plentiful, Spinosaurus can afford to be wasteful.
其他恐龙便充分利用这一便利 A fact which other dinosaurs take full advantage of.
皱褶龙,一种8米长的肉食动物 Rugops, an eight-metre carnivore.
牠们在其他地方可能是霸主 Anywhere else, it might dominate.
但在这里,于棘背龙而言牠们就相形见拙 But here, it is dwarfed by Spinosaurus.
独一无二的棘背龙,其细长的颌骨 Spinosaurus is unique,with long, narrow jaws
和鼻子都在脑袋上面 and nostrils set high on its head.
牙齿是垂直的圆锥形 Its teeth were straight and conical.
这些为我们提供了牠们如何猎杀的线索 They gave us a clue as to how it killed.
更多证据来自2008年 More evidence came in 2008,
当时对棘背龙的头骨进行了CT扫描 when Spinosaurus' skull was put through a CT scanner.
其鼻孔和鼻窦之间的奇怪构造说明 It revealed a curious pattern of holes and sinuses in the snout
牠们看来更像鳄鱼 that looked just like those of crocodiles.
据称是靠压力控制感觉器官 It's thought these contained pressure sensors,
像鳄鱼一样的感觉器官能准确探知猎物的所在 sensors that, like a crocodile,can detect prey,
这使得牠们完美的适应了水中狩猎的生活 making it perfectly adapted to hunting in water.
这些发现为我们研究其猎食习性提供了珍贵的证据 This discovery gives us our best evidence of exactly how it hunted.
因为其高位置的鼻孔,即使口鼻在水中牠们也能呼吸 Able to hold its snout in the water because of its high nostrils,
是牠们能袭击还没完全发现的猎物 it can strike without even seeing its prey.
紧紧相随的皱褶龙颌骨和颅骨较为脆弱 The ever-attendant Rugops has a weak jaw and skull.
牠们不是捕猎者 It's no killer.
而是天生的食腐动物 It is a natural-born scavenger,
牠们是不折不扣的以拾荒为生的肉食动物 living off the scraps of this highly-efficient predator.
我们能推测棘背龙的饮食特性 We can assume so much about the diet of Spinosaurus
因为常发现其牙齿的化石 because its fossilised teeth are commonly found
包裹在帆锯鳐的化石中 with the remains of the giant sawfish.
最新发现提供了更直接的证据 More recent discoveries appear to provide even more direct evidence.
2005年,发现了棘背龙攻击帆锯鳐时断裂在 In 2005, a Spinosaur fossil was found with a sawfish vertebrae
帆锯鳐椎骨内的牙齿化石 stuck in a tooth socket.
另外,2008年还发现 Another, discovered in 2008,
在棘背龙的颌骨中深嵌着一截帆锯鳐的倒钩锯齿 had a fragment of a sawfish barb apparently embedded in its jaw.
明显的揭示出猎食者与猎物之间的关系 They suggested a clear predator-prey relationship.
棘背龙是当地最大的猎食者 Spinosaurus is the region's biggest killer
因为牠能善用周遭环境,才稳坐霸主地位 because it can exploit an environment so successfully.
这种以水为家的恐龙 A dinosaur at home in water.
在当时，其他恐龙对牠的生活丝毫没有威胁 For a time, it lived with little threat from other dinosaurs
并进化成17米长的庞然巨兽 and the species evolved into a 17-metre giant.
但棘背龙不是这里唯一的巨型食肉动物 But Spinosaurus wasn't the only giant predator which thrived here.
鲨齿龙是陆地上的杀手 Carcharodontosaurus. Land-based killer.
一种食肉恐龙 A meat-eater. A carnosaur.
牠是异特龙的表亲,但却是其4倍大 A cousin of Allosaurus,but four times bigger.
长有16厘米长的锯齿般的牙齿 With serrated teeth 16 centimetres long,
鲨齿龙是巨兽杀手 Carcharodontosaurus was a giant killer.
长达13米,重约7吨 Up to 13 metres long and weighing around seven tonnes.
像棘背龙一样,鲨齿龙也比霸王龙的体型庞大 Like Spinosaurus,it too was bigger than T Rex.
大型食肉动物同样需要更大的狩猎场 Big predators need big hunting ranges.
每只鲨齿龙可能需要500平方公里的领地 Carcharodontosaurus may have needed up to 500 square kilometres each,
最好的狩猎场竞争也很激烈 making competition for the best hunting grounds intense.
一些年轻的公鲨齿龙 These young, male Carcharodontosaurus
都想夺得此地的统治权 both want supremacy over this territory.
拥有这片土地,是这些杀手们生存的关键 Dominating the land is the key to survival for these killers.
这就意味着有场生死之战 That can mean a fight to the death.
同一肉食动物间争斗的痕迹很让人印象深刻 The evidence of in-fighting between carnivores of the same species is dramatic.
鉴证科技证实很多大型食肉恐龙的头骨 Forensic examinations of fossils has uncovered injuries
都有不同程度的损伤 on the skull bones of many large carnivores.
牙齿的咬痕和擦痕随时可见 Tooth puncture marks and gouges are remarkably common.
这种头部和面部的暴力咬痕可能是因为争夺地盘 Such violent head- and face-biting is thought likely to be territorial.
由于食物充盈,这为狩猎场而起的争夺战 With so much to gain,fights over prime hunting territory
将显得极为平常 would be commonplace.
对于战胜的鲨齿龙 For this victorious Carcharodontosaurus,
奖品是猎捕无畏龙的优先权 the prize is the hunting rights to these Ouranosaurs.
即使是最快的猎食者,捕猎也并非易事 Not an easy prey to catch,even for the fastest of predators.
但我认为鲨齿龙有一个潜在的有利条件 But we think Carcharodontosaurus has a hidden advantage.
2008年,详密的骨骼分析报告 In 2008, detailed bone analysis
显示这些恐龙会利用气囊系统 suggested these dinosaurs employed a system of air sacs.
也就是用气囊呼吸 Air sacs are used in breathing.
在呼吸时,牠们能保持富含氧的空气在其肺部 They ensure that oxygen-rich air flows continually through the lungs
不断流动 when breathing in and out.
这是一个类似于鸟类的非常有效的系统 It's a very efficient system,similar to that of birds.
这暗示着像鲨齿龙这样的恐龙 It implied that dinosaurs like Carcharodontosaurus
是高活动量的猎者 were highly-active hunters.
而牠们也必须这样 And they needed to be.
这意味着这种体型的恐龙每天 It's reckoned that a dinosaur of this size would need to eat
至少要吃掉60公斤肉才能存活 a minimum of 60 kilos of meat every day simply to survive.
大型猎者靠伏击狩猎 Big hunters rely on ambushing their prey.
牠必须把握好和猎物之间的距离 Closing as much distance between it and its chosen victim.
这只鲨齿龙追捕受伤的猎物 This Carcharodontosaurus doesn't waste energy
以免浪费体力 chasing the injured animal.
其最初的攻击致无畏龙重伤 Its initial attack has critically wounded the Ouranosaurus.
现在,牠只需要跟踪和等待 Now, it simply needs to follow and wait.
鲨齿龙是致命的杀手 Carcharodontosaurus were deadly killers,
但不是用你所期待的招数 but not in the way you might expect.
牠的头骨较为脆弱 Its skull was relatively weak.
微机分析显示 And computer analysis has shown
牠们不可能强大到足以 that they're unlikely to be strong enough
抵制猎物的挣扎 to hold onto struggling prey.
牠们的牙齿像小刀一样薄 Their teeth were thin, like knives,
于咬穿骨头实在太弱了 too weak to bite easily through bone.
但牠们的牙齿像鲨鱼的一样锋利,有致命锯齿 But they were sharp, with deadly serrations, just like a shark's.
鲨齿龙名字的意思是"像噬人鲨般的大蜥蜴" The very name Carcharodontosaurus means "sharp-toothed lizard".
我认为牠利用头骨和牙齿 We think it used its skull and teeth
深深的插入猎物的肉中 to slash deep into the flesh of its prey,
造成重伤和失血过多 causing massive injury and blood loss.
加上速度,其攻击能杀死猎物 Delivered at speed,such an attack could kill
并没有激烈争斗的必要 without the need for an intense struggle.
这是一种高效的猎杀方式 It's an efficient killing method
一种完全适合当时环境的技能 and one that's perfectly suited to this environment.
而成功说明这是一种非比寻常的改变 But success can look very different when a season changes.
白垩纪时期的北非有两种致命杀手 For a time, Cretaceous north Africa had two deadly killers.
牠们充分的利用不同环境 By exploiting different environments,
没有互相竞争,并和平共存 they didn't compete and could coexist,
牠们畅行于自己的领地 dominating their chosen habitats.
棘背龙从不越界 Spinosaurus was a specialist.
但这样有风险 But this came with risks.
环境微小的变化,牠们就显得很脆弱 Small environmental changes can make it vulnerable.
而这一领域极易遭遇旱季 And this area is prone to seasonal droughts.
当河川干涸 When the river is dry,
棘背龙的食物供给就会被切断 Spinosaurus' usual food supply has disappeared.
其他动物退守到仅剩的几个水坑 Other animals retreat to a few remaining pools.
那么棘背龙必须要谨慎行事 Some, the Spinosaurus would do well to be wary of.
小型鳄鱼倒可以搞定 The smaller crocs aren't the problem.
帝鳄,是一种12米长的巨鳄 Sarcosuchus a giant 12-metre crocodile.
这种爬行动物能在旱季幸存 Reptiles like these can survive droughts
在艰困时期牠们会进入冬眠状态 by effectively hibernating during times of hardship.
棘背龙却不能 Spinosaurus can't.
作为一个活跃的猎者 As an active hunter,
牠的新陈代谢需要正常的食物供给 its metabolism demands a regular supply of food.
虽然牠的地域性很强,但也不仅仅局限于河川 Although it is a specialist,it isn't confined to the rivers.
艰困时期,棘背龙也会到陆地上狩猎 In tough times,it too can hunt on land.
世界上其他地方发现的棘背龙化石 Spinosaur fossils from other parts of the world
为我们探究牠们的食性提供了更多证据 have given us more details about their diets.
2004年,一块引人注目的化石在巴西成功修复 In 2004, a dramatic fossil was recovered from Brazil.
就是一只翼龙的颈部化石 Part of the neck of a Pterosaur.
椎骨中嵌着一颗牙齿 Embedded within one of the vertebrae was a tooth.
看形状很明显是棘背龙的牙齿 It was the unmistakable shape of a Spinosaur tooth.
在另一种棘背龙,来自英格兰的重爪龙 The stomach contents of another Spinosaur, Baryonyx,
的胃里面,发现了些许幼年禽龙的骨骼 from England, was found to contain some bones of a juvenile Iguanodon,
禽龙是一种草食动物 a plant-eating dinosaur.
尽管牠们各有特长 In spite of their specialisation,
显然棘背龙也不光是只吃鱼 clearly Spinosaurs weren't exclusively fish-eaters.
但猎杀和追捕猎物也并非易事 But hunting and catching prey isn't easy.
尤其是在猎物发出警报时 Particularly when they're already alert.
在陆地狩猎 Hunting on land,
棘背龙也不得不与在同一地区的 Spinosaurus is also forced into direct competition
其他大型猎食者正面竞争 with any large predators living in the same environment.
在这里,唯一竞争者是... And here,that can only mean one animal...
鲨齿龙 ..Carcharodontosaurus.
食物的竞争很常见 Contests over carcasses are common.
但这种争斗的结果很难说谁会胜利 But outcomes of such fights are far from guaranteed.
巨兽间的争斗会在成致命伤害 Risk of injury for big animals is acute.
现今的科莫多龙常在兽尸的争斗中丧命 Modern Komodo dragons are often killed in fights over carcasses.
长出3米多的棘背龙 More than three metres longer,
体型和力量更胜一筹 Spinosaurus has size and power on its side.
但鲨齿龙却更具杀伤力 But Carcharodontosaurus has the more lethal bite.
这一次,棘背龙打赢了 This time,the Spinosaurus triumphed.
但这两个致命杀手间的力量天平 But the balance of power between these two deadly killers
很难一边倒 is a precarious one.
2008年,一块棘背龙的脊椎骨被修复 In 2008, a Spinosaurus vertebra was recovered.
难以置信的是,其脊椎神经竟然被折断 Part of the tall, neural spine of the bone was broken off.
貌似是被咬掉了一半 It appeared to have been bitten in half.
这显示 It's been suggested
这是被鲨齿龙的撕咬造成的 that the bite was inflicted by Carcharodontosaurus.
棘背龙是最后和最大的 Spinosaurus was the last and the largest
食鱼的恐龙 of the fish-eating dinosaurs.
但最终,这些食鱼者也难逃一劫 But ultimately,these specialists were doomed.
因无法驾驭某些事情而灭绝 Something way beyond their control caused their downfall.
9400万年前,气候骤变 94 million years ago,the climate changed.
全球海平面上升 Global sea levels began to rise.
棘背龙繁衍生息的沼泽和河川 The swamps and rivers that Spinosaurus thrived in
渐渐消失 gradually were lost.
随着它们的消失 With their loss,
棘背龙的地域性变成了致命弱点 Spinosaurus's specialism became a vulnerability.
而最大的肉食动物 And the biggest predator
永远的消失于曾徜徉的地球之上 ever known to have walked the Earth disappeared.
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