http://bbs.3e-online.com 2011.10.10 =================================================== 3E帝国倾情奉献!!! 本字幕仅供学习交流，严禁用于商业用途 =================================================== 翻译/时间轴:算妮狠
我们发现了恐龙生存的黄金时代 We're living through the golden age of dinosaur discoveries.
在世界各地 From all over the world,
一系列全新的恐龙陆续被发掘 a whole new generation of dinosaurs has been revealed.
从庞然巨物和最致命的猎者 From the biggest giants and the deadliest killers
到怪诞惊奇的 to the weird and the wonderful.
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从北极到非洲 from the Arctic to Africa.
从南美洲到亚洲 From South America to Asia.
第一次使用最先进的证据 Using the latest evidence, for the first time
我们用可靠的全球观点窥探这些难以置信的动物 we have a truly global view of these incredible animals.
在本集中 In this episode,
我们探索最后一代恐龙杀手 we explore the last generation of killer dinosaurs
食肉动物的肆意屠杀已达到一个全新的境界 carnivores that took killing to a new level.
在白垩纪最后阶段 7千5百万年前 At the end of the Cretaceous period, 75 million years ago,
这些猎食者的踪迹已经遍布整个地球 these hunter-killers had spread throughout the globe.
在大陆的南部 In the southern continents,
长满肌肉和力量无比的阿贝里克龙拥有此地区的统治霸权 it was the powerful and muscular Abelisaurids that reigned supreme.
但是在北部 享誉盛名的霸王龙主宰着此地盘 Whereas in the north, it was the famous Tyrannosaurs that dominated.
7千5百万年以前 恐龙公园在加拿大崭露头角 75 million years ago, the Dinosaur Park formation in Canada
此地是世界上两只体积最大的霸王龙的家园 was home to two of the largest Tyrannosaurs.
体积最大并且重量最重的是惧龙 The biggest and heaviest was Daspletosaurus.
2009年 医学扫描仪被广泛应用 In 2009, medical scanners were used
它能深入这些杀手的大脑皮层进行透视 to look inside the brain cases of these killers.
在所有的恐龙中 霸王龙被发现 Of all the dinosaur groups, Tyrannosaurs were discovered
脑部有最大的嗅觉中枢 to have one of the largest areas devoted to smell
这也许给了他们一个清晰的捕猎优势 something that would give them a clear hunting advantage.
时间上溯到白垩纪时代 亚伯达省（加拿大西部的一个省）是一片被森林覆盖并宽广的沿海岸平原 Back then, Cretaceous Alberta was a vast coastal river plain covered in forests
这里是惧龙完美的捕食战场 the perfect hunting grounds for Daspletosaurus.
九米高 三吨重 At nine metres and three tonnes,
统治的捕食者都在这些森林里 it's the dominant predator in these forests.
在这里由于其灵敏的听觉嗅觉以及视觉 他们尽情地享受猎食到的美餐 Here, it relies on its acute sense of smell and hearing,as much as its sight, to hunt its prey.
开角龙 Chasmosaurus,
像河马那样庞然大物 竖立着具有防御性的角 a rhino-sized behemoth, bristling with defensive horns
像惧龙一样 适合成为一个极具竞争的对手 and an opponent befitting a killer like Daspletosaurus.
在所有的霸王龙当中 暴龙也许是最出名的 Of all the tyrannosaurs, T Rex might be the most famous,
但也成为这些捕食者进化的蓝图 but the evolutionary blueprint for these predators
惧龙早在十亿年前就已开始铺设 was laid down 10 million years earlier, with Daspletosaurus.
从霸王龙的骨骼来看 其清晰可见其作为杀手的本性 Tyrannosaurs' effectiveness as killers is clear from their anatomy.
他们是魁梧的 巨大强硬的脑壳 布满发达肌肉的脖子 They're massive, with huge, strong skulls, and powerful muscular necks.
长在前方的眼睛 使得捕猎行动更加轻松 Forward-facing eyes make tracking moving prey easy.
他们的胳膊是出了名的短小精悍 They've famously short arms,
但这些巨型霸王龙 都会被撕咬 but with these giant Tyrannosaurs, it's all about the bite.
他们比任何恐龙都有强有力的咬劲儿 They had the most powerful bite of any dinosaur with teeth that,
与克雷斯细的牙齿不同 unlike the thin, flesh-tearing blades of Carnosaurs,
他们的牙齿是粗大强壮的 骨头很容易能压碎并致死 are thick and strong, easily able to crush bone and kill.
然而 这种惧龙失去了突然袭击的动力 However, this Daspletosaurus has lost the element of surprise.
其成功胜算现在只能压在开角龙身上 The odds are now stacked in the Chasmosaur's favour.
甚至那些最致命的捕食者比 Even the most deadly predators fail more often than they succeed.
暴龙的进化的武器是稀少的 Tyrannosaurus appeared locked in a deadly evolutionary arms race
有角的恐龙 with the horned dinosaurs.
其中一个变大 另一个也是 As one got bigger, so did the other.
对捕食者之间的关系是个挑战 It's a predator-prey relationship that endured
65亿年之后 for more than 65 million years.
他们角的周围产生的皱令人感到惊讶 Most striking are the head frills of the horned dinosaurs.
皱是由细小的骨骼组成 The imposing frill of Chasmosaurus is actually made of thin bone
虽然无法阻止霸王龙的撕咬 and wouldn't stop the bite of a Tyrannosaur.
但能把四周震住 But by making it look much bigger, it had the desired effect.
角和皱的配合堪称天衣无缝 The horns and frills of these dinosaurs acted as visual deterrents,
虽然他们提议采取一点身体防御 even if they offered little physical protection.
这意味着开角龙正茁壮成长 It meant that a fully grown Chasmosaurus
并将成为捕食者的安全之地 would usually be safe from most predators.
这只霸王龙是其中最年轻的 This Daspletosaurus is just a youngster.
甚至两只霸王龙摆的姿势有点令人害怕 Even two Daspletosaurs pose little threat.
但是在2005年 一个具有标志性的发现被宣布 But in 2005, a remarkable discovery was announced.
两支来自蒙大拿州的(美国西北部的州)医学考察队 In the Two Medicine Formation of Montana,
一项新的挖掘透露了一些没未挖掘的真相 a new dig revealed had unearthed something quite extraordinary
收集霸王龙的化石 a collection of Daspletosaurus fossils,
都在同一时间埋藏在同一地点完成的 all buried at the same place at the same time.
也就是说霸王龙捕猎都是成帮结伙 The implication is that Daspletosaurus hunt in gangs.
惧龙 捕猎过程是如此一帆风顺 Tyrannosaurs, like Daspletosaurus, were so successful that,
最近的白垩纪时代 他们实际上是捕食者所能达到的顶峰 by the late cretaceous, they were the apex predator across virtually
美国的北部和亚洲 all of North America and Asia.
在亚洲 遍布 独龙 分支龙和特暴龙 In Asia, there was Alectrosaurus, Alioramus and Tarbosaurus.
在美国 遍布 阿尔伯脱龙 蛇发女怪龙 In America, Albertosaurus, Gorgosaurus,
惧龙和暴龙 Daspletosaurus and T Rex.
越是活动在靠近北部的地方 惧龙的迹象 But moving further north, evidence of Tyrannosaurs
变得越日趋稀少 becomes increasingly rare.
恐龙的化石已经在在位于阿拉斯加的北冰洋附近被发掘 In Alaska, fossils have been excavated close to the Arctic Ocean.
这是研究生活在两极地区恐龙最宝贵的资源 It's the richest source of dinosaurs that lived in the polar regions
貌似在这里 不同种类的杀手占领着这个地盘 and it seems here, a different type of killer dominated.
这个地区大多数一般的草食类动物 The most common plant-eater in this region
是具有社会经验的埃德蒙顿龙 is the highly social Edmontosaurus.
他们是北美地区最大的鸭嘴恐龙 They're the largest duck-billed dinosaur in North America
并且他们也是众多捕食者中最成功的捕食者 and they are the perfect prey for a very different type of predator.
也许不像霸王龙一样致死 Troodon may not look as lethal as a Tyrannosaur,
但化石痕迹暗示了这些是最容易致死的捕食者 but fossil evidence suggests that these too were deadly hunters
有肉吃才能彻底的生存下来 surviving entirely on a diet of meat.
乍眼看去 似乎成年的埃德蒙顿龙有稍许害怕 At first sight, it appears the adult Edmontosaurus have little to fear.
长12米 重3.5吨 12m in length and weighing 3.5 tonnes,
他们这种天生的侏儒造就了这种小型的捕食者 they physically dwarf this diminutive predator.
伤齿龙通常体型较小 仅有两米高 Troodon were usually small, two-metre dinosaurs
但是阿拉斯加伤齿龙的牙齿是那样的引人注目 but the teeth from the Alaskan Troodon showed something remarkable.
这些北极圈的捕食者几乎正常的捕猎两次 These Arctic predators were almost twice as big as normal.
伤齿龙不仅在这里生存 他们肯定子子孙孙能代代繁衍 Troodon not only survived here, they positively thrived.
那是因为捕食过程中透出的英姿飒爽 And that's because their hunting prowess
傍晚后 灾难降临 comes into its own after sunset.
最近的这个夏天 这是一片空地 This is a land where, after late summer,
这里夜晚的时间要比白天还多长几小时 there are more hours of darkness than light.
伤齿龙智力极其地发达 Troodon famously have the largest brains
他们和任何的身体的尺寸都不同 relative to their body size of any dinosaur
尽管在他们的眼中是极其重要 although what appears more important are their eyes.
捕食猎物时 他们不仅冲锋在前从而使他们成为最活跃的猎人 Not only are they forward facing, making them active hunters,
而且他们特别的大 but they are exceptionally large.
这些捕食者在太阳下山后将无法猎取食物 These are predators that can hunt equally well after dark.
尽管有族群的保护 Although the group offers protection,
捕食者总是吧选择最容易得手的对象 predators always choose the easiest prey,
所以说这只埃德蒙顿龙正处于危险之中 so it's the juvenile Edmontosaurs that are at risk.
与族群分离 Separated from the group,
这个年轻人已经犯了个危险的错误 this youngster has made a dangerous mistake.
阿拉斯加恐龙的骨头被青年埃德蒙顿龙的遗骸所支配 The Alaskan dinosaur bone beds are dominated by juvenile Edmontosaurus remains.
其中不少清晰显示了伤齿龙的咬痕 Some show clear evidence of Troodon bite marks.
尽管体积小 伤齿龙仍在在这里茁壮成长 It seems, despite its small size, Troodon thrived here
成功利用了冬日的长夜 by exploiting the vulnerability of the juveniles
熬过漫长 漆黑的 寒冬这几个月 throughout the long, dark, winter months.
稳定的食物供给 With a steady food supply,
这意味着伤齿龙能极度严寒的冬季生存 it means Troodon can survive the harsh Arctic winters.
甚至长到他们南方同类的 And, in doing so, grew to almost double the size of their cousins further south.
但并不如原先期待 But these were the exception.
无论惧龙生活在哪里 他们是最大的捕食者 Wherever else Tyrannosaurs lived, they were the largest predator,
生活的群里包含年轻和年老体衰的 living in groups that consist of both youngsters and adults.
在这些致命的生存集群 年轻的恐龙提供了速度而成年赋予力量 In these deadly packs, youngsters provide the speed, adults the power.
他们使用的致命效果 此捕食战略 It's a hunting strategy that they use to deadly effect.
但仅凭外貌 此乌合之众的攻击 But despite appearances, this mob attack isn't carefully planned.
在成群结对的行动之后 没有任何战略 There is no strategy behind the actions of the gang.
只不过是投机主义 It's merely opportunism.
当屠杀进入尾声 接下来的战役即将打响 And when the kill has been made, the next battle soon begins.
在许多惧龙 我们发现脑壳上的洞穴和沟 In many Tyrannosaurs, we find holes and gouges on the skulls,
来自同类的床上比比皆是 injuries which turn out to be bite marks made by other Tyrannosaurs.
在一个化石中 牙齿的咬痕显示 In one Daspletosaurus fossil, the tooth marks indicate
个人主义者已经遭受了许多攻击 that an individual had been subject to several attacks.
此外 牙齿的尖端 In another, the tip of a tooth
被留下并嵌入了脑壳的骨头中 was left embedded in the bone of its skull.
从这个迹象表明 我们能假定 From this evidence, we can assume that such groups
远离了和谐 were far from harmonious
他们必然不属于大众 ..and they certainly aren't democratic.
这个世界 只有强者才说了算 In this world, the strongest takes all.
惧龙的全球统治范围也许很完整 Tyrannosaurs' domination of the globe might have been total,
在大洲之间的布局划分中已找不出奇怪的借口 had it not been for a strange quirk in the arrangement of the continents.
7千五百万年前 地球已经清晰地分开了南北两极 75 million years ago, the planet had a clear north-south divide,
在全球各个地方 没有物质作为纽带 with no physical link between the parts of the globe.
这意味着惧龙不能向南大洲扩展 It meant the Tyrannosaurs couldn't spread to the southern continents.
这里 不同种类的杀手拥有此地区的统治霸权 Here, a different type of killer reigned supreme.
这些是阿贝力龙 又译亚伯龙，意为“阿贝尔的蜥蜴 These were Abelisaurids.
在最近的十年中 马达加斯加岛已提供了 In the last ten years, Madagascar has provided
关于捕食者最令人信服的证据 the most comprehensive evidence about these predators.
7千万年以前 马达加斯加岛（非洲岛国）就已经成为一个岛屿 70 million years ago, Madagascar was already an island.
可是当时的天气比今天还要严热 还要干燥 But its climate was much hotter and drier than today.
在白垩纪时期 玛君龙容易遭受毁灭性干旱带来的苦难 In the Cretaceous period, Madagascar was subject to devastating droughts.
像大型食肉动物 And big predators like Majungasaurus
特别会被挨饿所攻击 are especially vulnerable to starvation.
是生存的唯一方式 Scavenging is the only way to survive.
我们认为玛君龙是这些捕食者中的老大 We thought Majungasaurus was the top predator here.
然而在2003年 大量的玛君龙的骨头 But then, in 2003, some bones of a number of Majungasaurs
被牙齿咬过的痕迹 were reported gouged with teeth marks.
有更大 蛮不讲理的杀手出现在那里 It appeared there was a bigger, more brutal killer at large.
玛君龙也与大家分享自己的领地 Majungasaurus also shares the plains
像小型的恐龙 with smaller dinosaurs like Rahonavis.
需要少量食物存活 Being smaller means Rahonavis needs less food to survive.
畜生的残骸将吸引周围几英里的捕食者 A carcass will attract every big predator for miles around.
一只公的玛君龙 A male Majungasaurus,
被宴席深深吸引 attracted to the feast.
能够挑战畜生的残骸 It is more than capable of challenging for the carcass.
玛君龙胳膊太短以至于不能抓住任何东西 Majungasaurus has short arms and can't grasp.
像霸王龙只能靠撕咬 Like Tyrannosaurs, it's all about the bite.
玛君龙脑壳的形状和牙齿暗示了区别于与众不同撕咬方式 The shape of Majungasaurus' skull and teeth suggests a very different biting style to the flesh-tearing dinosaurs.
宽大 短小 长满肌肉的脑壳 With a broad, short and muscular skull
它适合咬和扣 it was a dino better adapted to biting and gripping,
而不是肆意鞭打捕到的食物 rather than slashing its prey.
这场激斗是仅仅是关于喂养残骸的权利 This fight is about more than just winning the feeding rights to a carcass.
当在被伤害玛君龙的遗骸咬痕上 When the bite marks on the mauled Majungasaurus remains
研究更为仔细时 were studied more closely
骨头上的咬痕被发现匹配 the marks on the bones were found to match
这个区域唯一的食肉动物 the only large carnivore in the region.
在这片土地没有比玛君龙更大的杀手 There is no bigger killer in these lands than Majungasaurus.
这是第一次 不能反驳的证据 This is the first, irrefutable evidence of dinosaur cannibalism.
这也许会令人感到震惊 但此行为却清晰的展现 It might seem shocking, but it's a behaviour that clearly shows
最成功的杀手 the most successful killers
将开发任何他们最大的有利条件的处境 will exploit any situation to their maximum advantage.
惧龙 Daspletosaurus.
由于撕咬的强度是这个地区其他任何一个恐龙无法匹敌的 With a bite force unmatched by any other dinosaur in the region,
这些是一个完整的不同联盟的杀手 these are killers in a completely different league.
这组利用了一年一度的活动 And this group have congregated to take advantage of an annual event.
在省级恐龙公园 In Dinosaur Provincial Park,
数以千计的骨头被发现 thousands of bones have been discovered,
由于地层的摇动的而使他们到处分散 scattered across the same rock layer.
他们属于有角的恐龙 They belong to the horned dinosaur Centrosaurus
并且他们似乎是骨头和屠杀之地 and they appear to be the bone beds of vast killing fields,
大规模的屠宰遗址 sites of wholesale slaughter.
成群的正在从他们在沿岸的苏格兰东南部的低地的筑巢地迁徙到东部 This vast herd of Centrosaurus are on the move from their nesting sites on coastal lowlands to the east
不知不觉地 他们正朝某个死亡之地走去 Unwittingly, they're moving towards almost certain death.
周期性的季风迫使 Seasonal monsoons drives the Centrosaurs inland,
远离沿海的洪水侵袭 away from coastal flooding.
这就是一直按兵不动的原因 It's what the Daspletosaurus have been waiting for.
牧放的此举的确保护了许多免遭毒手 Herding behaviour protects the many
但是这种代价很铺张浪费 but at the expense of the few.
似乎一切变得如此糟糕 And things are about to get worse for the Centrosaurs.
被淹没的河流在前 惧龙紧随其后 With a flooded river ahead and the Daspletosaurus behind,
这个舞台现在正好为一场空前的大屠杀量身定做 the stage is now set for a massacre.
但是尽管拥有丰厚的赃物 也不是惧龙 But despite the rich pickings, it's not the Daspletosaurs
他们要对此大规模的屠宰负责 that are responsible for the scale of the slaughter.
致命的杀手在这里进行屠杀 There's an even more deadly killer at work here.
严重的季风雨湍急的河流转移到致命的 Severe monsoon rains have transformed shallow rivers into lethal torrents.
真正的刽子手是天气本身 The real killer is the weather itself.
最近的研究标明这种厚实的骨头基础 显示了96%的骨头 Recent studies of this dense bone bed indicate that 96% of the bones
禁止转载HDC！！！
是个单一的物种 独角龙（尖角龙/刺角龙） are of a single species - Centrosaurus -
并呈现了很多骨头任何撕咬的痕迹 and relatively few of the bones display any bite marks.
化石痕迹暗示了这个地方溺死 The fossil evidence suggests that this was a mass drowning
导致了蔓延的季节性洪水 the result of widespread seasonal flooding
想这样的情况我们已经 an event that we have seen repeated in over 20 different sites.
当洪水渐渐退去 新的机遇产生了 And when the waters recede, new opportunities emerge.
这样的机会给捕食者带来了大量的食物 Events like these provide easy pickings for predators.
但在打斗中腐败 But even in the fight for rotting flesh,
惧龙拥有绝对的权力 Daspletosaurus's authority is absolute.
霸王龙生长于南部 阿贝力龙生活在北部 Tyrannosaurs in the north and Abelisaurids in the south
在那个年代 他们都是至高无上的杀手 were the supreme killers of their age.
他们控制着他们能发现的整个大洲 They dominated every continent where they were found.
并且他们共同成为最后的恐龙杀手 And together, they were the last of the killer dinosaurs.