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翻译：不悛熊 NoNopig 呜哇喔 HY·涅槃 咕叽 instante
校对：找翅膀的兔子 时间轴：Remember
后期：鱼骨头 总监：TanKnoX
上一集 我们看到 Previously, we saw how animals
动物的智慧超乎我们的想象 are smarter than we ever thought possible.
它们会使用工具 They use tools,
破解谜题 solve puzzles,
甚至在数字记忆测试中击败人类 and can even beat humans in a numbers and memory test.
这太荒唐了 This is ridiculous.
我叫莉斯·波恩尼 是名科学家 I'm Liz Bonnin, a scientist who's been travelling the world
我与世界各地的聪明的动物会面 meeting the greatest animal minds.
它们的聪明才智让我目瞪口呆 And their intellect has astounded me.
真是精彩至极 This is spectacular.
现在 我们要提高难度 But this time we're raising the stakes.
快看啊 Look at this.
太不同寻常了 This is so special.
你一定会大享其乐 大为震惊 Prepare to be entertained, and amazed.
相当震撼 That totally blew me away.
最新的科学发现将告诉我们 Cutting-edge science is now revealing how animals
动物们如何沟通 communicate,
如何协作 co-operate,
如何向我们倾诉它们的感受 and even tell us how they're feeling.
我也想追着你 挠你痒痒 I want to chase and tickle with you too!
小动物 大智慧 第二集
远在这颗星球的另一侧 Right across the planet,
随着动物的歌声 地球也在不断地律动 the Earth beats to the sound of animal song.
那是个拥有上百万种声音的庞大合唱团 A chorus sung in a million different tongues.
若想和谐共处 To live in harmony,
动物必须学会交谈 animals need to be able to talk to each other.
在如此嘈杂的尘世之中 And in a world this crowded,
动物之间的交流 对脑力要求颇高 that requires serious brainpower.
地球上最聪明的动物 The smartest animals on the planet
也是最擅长交流的动物 are also some of the most social,
想在群体中幸福生活 and to be successful in a social world,
交流至关重要 communication is key.
我们不妨想象一下 Now, imagine if we could
用其他物种的语言与之交流的情景 communicate with another species in its own language.
尽管我们尚未掌握这种技巧 We haven't quite mastered that yet,
可有一种在我们身边相伴 but there is one animal that's been living
数百年的动物 right by our side for centuries,
却能够听懂 that's learnt to understand
不属于自己物种的语言 a completely different language to its own.
狗是人类最好的朋友 Man's best friend,
尽管它们体型各异 in all its shapes and sizes,
却一直在人类历史中扮演举足轻重的角色 has played an important part in our history,
它们当过战斗英雄 也做过星际探险者 from war hero to galactic explorer.
宇宙国际新闻 《太空时代到来了》
利用自己的智慧 狗狗似乎无所不能 In terms of a dog's intelligence, it seems the sky's the limit.
它们的聪明才智 But how does being clever
如何在田间地头发挥作用呢 help them in the field?
关键在于狗狗能听从人类的指挥 Well, it's a dog's ability to understand us that's key.
两只顶级牧羊犬 When you combine two champion sheepdogs,
再加上一点奇思妙想 and a touch of creative genius,
一切便皆有可能 anything's possible.
好像还缺了点东西 But there's just one thing missing.
再撒上一点好吃的 Add a little bit of food...
大功告成 and voila!
狗狗如何以此证明自己的智慧呢 So how does this demonstrate intelligence?
仔细想一想 When you think about it,
牧羊犬相当于掌握了一门外语 sheepdogs are essentially learning a foreign language.
我们所说的"左转弯" "Come by to the left" in verbal
转化为哨声就是... and transferred to a whistle would be pppppshssh.
"向右转"是... The basic command "To the right" would be phhhhewwww.
"停下"的哨音是... "Stop" would be psssoutwit,
"继续前进"的哨音则是... and "Walk on" would be phew phew phew.
最基本的哨音指令 The whistle allows the basics
可以千变万化 to become surprisingly complex.
如果我想让牧羊犬往左边跑 If I wanted the dog to go left
但不要跑得太远 我就会吹 and only a small left, it's like, psshh, it would be that,
如果我想让牧羊犬跑远一些 if I wanted him a lot further and whatever, like,
就得吹得长一些 重一些 I'd have to emphasize it in terms phhhhewwwwww,
以示强调 would be a lot longer and harder.
听懂哨音 The ability to decode this language
牧羊犬便能够知道 allows sheepdogs to understand
主人想让它们往哪个方向跑 the exact direction, speed and level of urgency
跑多快 事情有多紧急 required by their two-legged friend.
就是这样 干得好 That'll do, that'll do.
这样一来 人狗协作 Which enables one man and his dog
天衣无缝 to work as a single unit.
经过长期训练 But with a lifetime of training,
牧羊犬一生能掌握多少词汇呢 just how many words can a sheepdog learn?
盯着猪小姐 Watch Miss Piggy.
心理学教授约翰·皮利正在研究 Psychology Professor John Pilley wanted to find out.
干得好 干得漂亮 Good girl, good girl.
七年前他收了一名出色的学生 名叫猎猎 And seven years ago he found the perfect student - Chaser.
利用这一箱箱玩具 Using crateloads of toys,
约翰和他的同事们设计了 John and his colleagues have devised
创意十足的犬类智商研究方案 a groundbreaking study of canine intelligence.
所有的玩具都有自己的名字 All the toys have names,
约翰每次任意抽取八个 and John's picked eight at random.
小猎 我们来玩一局吧 Chase, let's play some.
小猎 去把庞特找出来 给我庞特 Chase, find Punt, go get Punt.
没错 庞...庞...庞特 Right, P...P... Punt.
好 叼过来 放在盒里 干得漂亮 Good, do it. Yeah, in tub. Yeah, good girl.
小猎 把罗奇叼过来 Chase, find Roach, find Roach.
约翰从不看毯子上的玩具 John never looks at the toys on the mat,
因此 只有听懂了约翰的话 so to pick the right object,
猎猎才能找到正确的玩具 Chaser has to actually understand what he's saying.
帮爸爸把"哇"找来吧 Pop-Pop wants Wow.
没错 这就是"哇" 放进盒子里吧 Yeah, there's Wow, in tub, in tub.
猎猎知道116个球 26个飞盘 Chaser already knows the names of 116 balls, 26 Frisbees,
以及超过800个布娃娃的名字 and over 800 cloth animals.
但是她能不能快速学会一个新名字呢 But can she learn a new word in just one go?
我们来考验一下它 We've put her to the test.
毯子上放了五件猎猎认识的玩具 On the mat are five items Chaser knows,
一件她从未见过的玩具 and one new one that she's never seen.
小猎 帮我把"喵"找来 Chase, find Meow, find Meow, find Meow,
去吧 去吧 照我说的做 do it girl, do it, do it, do it, girl.
把"喵"叼过来给老爸 Bring it to Pop-Pop.
完成任务需要进行极其复杂的逻辑分析 This task involves highly complex logic.
猎猎从未学过这个词 The new word isn't in Chaser's vocabulary,
所以她必须明白 so she has to understand
这可能是一件陌生玩具的名字 that it might refer to an unfamiliar object.
照我说的做 Do it, girl, do it.
小猎 把"喵"找来 Chase, get Meow,
我要"喵" 快去 好孩子 I want Meow, do it, girl, do it.
快点 Right now.
她需要运用排除法 By a process of elimination,
找出她从未见过的玩具 she has to work out which object she's never seen before.
把"喵"叼过来 快点 Get Meow, do it, do it.
对 这就是"喵" 到这儿来 There's Meow. Come here, come here,
干得真不赖 好孩子 好孩子 that's good, good girl, good girl.
仅仅试了一次 After only one trial,
她便记住了 the new toy and the sound "Meow"
这件新玩具叫作"喵" are logged in her brain.
这证明 And it just goes to show,
朽木可雕也 you can teach an old dog new tricks.
在野外 聪明的犬类 In the wild, this mental dexterity
能够相互交流 allows dogs to communicate with each other,
也就是说 在日常生活中遇到的问题 which means the problems of everyday life
它们都会一同解决 are solved together.
不用孤军作战 And they're not alone.
博茨瓦那现在正处旱季 In the heat of Botswana's dry season,
为了生存 每种动物都需要 every animal needs to find
找寻足够的食物和水分 enough food and water to survive.
体型大的动物 And the larger you are,
需要到更远的地方寻找食物和水源 the further you have to travel.
非洲象每天需要摄入200升水 African elephants need to find 200 litres of water
以及150千克食物 and 150 kilos of food every single day,
想要在这里每天吃饱喝足绝非易事 which out here is no mean feat.
生态学家麦克·蔡斯博士将带我 Ecologist Dr Mike Chase has offered to show me
去见证一下非洲象觅食的艰辛 the immensity of this challenge.
只有当你居高临下之时 It's only when you're up here that you realise
才知道这片土地的广袤无垠 the scale of this landscape,
的确有一些水塘点缀其间 and, yes, there is water peppering it,
可从这个高度看下去 你就会明白 but from up here you realise how difficult it is to find
无论是找水还是觅食 not only water but certainly
对于大象来说 都很艰难 all the other food that they need to find.
实在是一片无边无际的草原 It's a huge, huge landscape.
它们是如何利用沟通与聪明才智 So how can communication and sheer brainpower
解决这一难题的呢 solve this mammoth problem?
十余年来 麦克跟踪记录了二十多头大象 For over a decade, Mike has tracked scores of elephants
史诗般的觅食历程 on their epic journeys.
根据他的GPS数据 His GPS data is revealing
我们可以看到象群如何全凭记忆 how herds rely on memory to locate water
重返数十年前仅去过一次的 and food sources that they may have visited
水源地和草场 only once before, decades ago.
那米比亚 津巴布韦 博茨瓦纳
象群由德高望重的母象带领 And they're led by the oldest and wisest female
我们称其为女族长 the matriarch.
随着女族长年龄的增长 Now, the older a matriarch gets,
她储存在记忆库里的 the more information she
信息会愈加丰富 gets to store in that memory bank of hers,
因为大象是群居动物 and because eles are social animals,
她的信息可以使整个象群受益 that knowledge will benefit her entire herd.
但最让人吃惊的是 But it's what herds do
象群对这些信息的运用 with this knowledge that is truly phenomenal.
上千头大象有时会 On occasion, thousands of elephants congregate at
不约而同汇聚在一个水塘边 a single waterhole simultaneously.
麦克记录的数据表明有些大象 And Mike's data has revealed that some have travelled
跋涉了超过160公里才到达此处 over 100 miles to get there.
象群怎么知道集合的时间地点呢 So, how does each herd know when and where to meet?
看这一家子的互动 This is spectacular,
真是精彩至极 just watching a family interacting
他们还在说话呢 and vocalising.
动物王国中 There's so much mystery
还有很多未解的谜团 and still intrigue surrounding these animals.
是啊 Yeah.
我们才开始研究 That we're only beginning to
它们复杂的社会结构和内部交流 understand the social complexity, the communication.
麦克认为象群是通过小家庭之间的交流 Mike believes that by communicating between family groups,
做到按时集合的 elephants are able to co-ordinate their arrival.
这些水塘就是 And it seems that waterholes act as a focal meeting point
分享信息的集会地 where knowledge can be shared.
怎么证明这些信息 What evidence is there for this passing on of information
在这片地区的象群内传播呢 from herd to herd, like across, you know, huge expanses of land?
你知道它们的交流方式吗 见过吗 How do we think that works, and have you seen that in action?
完全了解 Oh, totally.
当上百头大象汇聚在一起时 When family herds in their hundreds come together,
交流不可避免 inevitably there is communication.
它们具体说了什么还存在争议 What they are saying to each other, that is debatable,
不过很有意思 and that's exciting.
我们只能推断它们是通过触摸 We can only speculate that this communication occurs through
气味和人类感觉不到的声波 a combination of touch, smell,
来进行交流的 and even sound waves that humans can't detect.
当象群离开 And when herds disperse,
分享的信息就像涟漪般扩散开 this shared message can spread out like a ripple.
更重要的是 大象 What's more is that elephants
还能以一种人类未知的方式 may also be able to exchange information
远距离交流信息 across vast distances in other, as yet undiscovered ways.
大象能够记得几十年前 It's already pretty incredible
到过的地方 定期重访 that these elephants can remember places from decades ago,
这已经相当了不起 and then know exactly when to revisit them.
更惊人的是 But what's really remarkable
他们不仅在家庭小组之间传递信息 is that they can then pass on that information,
还会在广袤的草原上 not only within the family group, but from herd to herd,
通过不同的族群传递信息 across this vast landscape.
正是因为这样的社交智力 And it's this kind of social intelligence
它们才能在这片大地上存活 that keeps them alive out here.
大象的交流和心电感应般的 Elephant communication and their almost telepathic knowledge
有关食物和水源的知识 of food and water sources
是一种非常复杂的现象 is clearly a complex phenomenon,
科学家还无法解释清楚 something that science can't fully explain yet.
不过世界各地的专家们正在努力破译 But across the world experts are trying to decipher
其他物种的语言 the language of other species,
有时方法非常巧妙 sometimes in rather ingenious ways.
在美国 一个科学小组正在研究 In the United States, a team of scientists are studying
一种嗓门儿很大的小型啮齿动物 a small rodent with a big voice.
北美土拨鼠居住的地方被称为"城镇" Prairie dogs live in communities called "Towns",
绵延几公里 some stretching for miles.
周边生活着 And with a whole host of
一群虎视眈眈的捕食者 predators on the lookout for a free meal,
听懂邻居的话可是救命稻草 knowing what your neighbour is saying can save your life.
但如何在野外对它们的叫声进行检测呢 But how can science test for this in the field?
他们将一只毛绒模型拖过草原 By dragging a stuffed animal across the prairie!
这个反应看上去也许不太聪明 This might not look like an intelligent reaction,
但科学家认为事情不是那么简单 but some believe that a lot is going on here.
再引入一个新的捕食者 And by bringing a new predator onto the scene
然后记录土拨鼠的反应 就能搞清楚了 and recording the reaction, they can prove it.
这些声音人类听不出区别 To the human ear these calls might sound similar,
但声波图听得出来 but the graphs prove they're different.
獾
土狼
獾
土狼
从它们的反应可以看出 And it's clear that prairie dogs actually understand
土拨鼠知道不同叫声代表的涵义 this difference because of the way they react.
当听到土狼的警报后 On hearing the coyote alarm,
所有土拨鼠都警惕地站立起来 every prairie dog in earshot stands to attention,
表明各自的位置 advertising their position.
因为土狼一旦明白 Because once a coyote
自己暴露了 就会放弃进攻 realises its cover is blown, it will give up.
但如果是獾的警报 土拨鼠会藏起来 But with a badger alarm, prairie dogs hide
因为獾发现土拨鼠 because when a badger spots a prairie dog,
就会把它们从洞里挖出来 it'll dig it out.
用这样的方法 It's this intelligence
"城镇"的居民才能存活下来 that keeps the whole town alive.
不过在研究动物智能时 But when exploring animal intelligence,
还应该考虑语言之外的交流 we need to consider other forms of communication.
因为并不是所有动物都通过语言交流 Because not all animals communicate with words.
不论何时 它们都在交谈 Wherever you look, there are conversations going on
一个眼神就包含千言万语 in which a mere glance can mean a thousand words.
动物们不止通过声音来交流 Animals communicate not just through their voices,
还有肢体语言 but also through their bodies.
只要留心观察动物们的肢体语言 By being mindful of the more subtle aspects of body language
我们会发现 we can gain real insights
有一些动物是多么的聪明 into just how smart some animals are.
世界著名马语者蒙提·罗伯特 World-renowned horse whisperer Monty Roberts has been unravelling
近半个世纪来都在试图 the mystery of wild mustang communication
解开野马的交流之谜 for over half a century.
他发现了一种被他称为"埃奎斯"的 And he's discovered a complex, silent language,
复杂而又无声的语言 which he calls "Equus".
它是什么 埃奎斯是一种什么语言 What is it? What is the language of Equus?
你如何描述这种语言 How would you describe it?
它类似于聋哑人使用的手势 A series of gestures that means something,
由一系列有意义的动作组成 like signing for the deaf.
野马的语言在很多方面 It's so impressive that in many ways
精美绝伦 the language of the mustang
它比世间任何语言都美 is more beautiful than any.
在山的这边 OK, over here on this side of the hill...
这种语言非常复杂 The intricacies of this
我们只有接近它们 language are so complex that getting close
才能观察到 is the only way to observe them properly.
当你明白... But when you get that kind of...
这种无声的语言怎么使用呢 So, if it's a silent language, how is it used?
它们运用身体的哪些部分来表达 What parts of their body do they use?
它们用耳朵 舌头 嘴唇 肩 Ears, tongue, lips, they use their shoulders,
另外 脖子非常重要 their neck is very important.
脖子的动作很容易观察 You can read the neck very easily,
譬如说偷偷溜走 like snaking, for instance,
它们会放低脖子 伸长鼻子 where the neck comes down and then the nose goes out
耳朵耷拉下来 and the ears come back,
它们还会叫上其它马 and they'll snake another
一起溜走 horse out of the herd and send them off.
马身体的每个部分都在传递信息 Every single part of the horse appears to convey meaning,
它们能够破译最细微的姿势 and they have the intelligence to interpret the tiniest gestures
弄明白其它马匹的意思 in order to understand another's intentions.
当我们靠得更近 它们开始仔细审视我们 As we get closer, our posture is under intense scrutiny.
当你围着马群走动 When you're walking around the herd
可以发现马的一只耳朵会跟着你转动 you'll notice that one ear will follow you,
它在观察你 你很重要 you're important to them.
动作很细微 但对它们来说意义非凡 It's subtle, but extremely important.
耳朵跟随着眼睛的走向 The ear goes where the eye goes.
当离马群如此之近时 When you get this close
你能看到它们的每个动作 you have to be aware of every single muscle twitch.
千万要安静 Let's be really quiet now.
眼睛得慢慢地转动 Just, don't, don't move your eyes quickly,
轻轻转动头部 OK. Don't move your head quickly, just,
就像是你在浓稠的油里走动 just kind of move like you're in heavy oil.
放轻松 Just relax and breathe down in
深呼吸 below your chest.
你放轻松了 它们才敢有所行动 Now look, see, as you, as you relaxed, he takes another step.
动作好协调啊 He's so attuned.
对 他想要仔细观察我们的行动 Yeah, he's... really wants to look us over.
真的在观察 He really does.
相当震撼 That totally blew me away.
我只是 All I did was breathe a
深呼吸了一口 那匹马就感觉到了 little bit deeper into my belly and that horse
它放松下来 朝我走来 completely sensed it and it relaxed and it moved towards me.
这足以证明野马交流体系的精巧 And it just goes to show how incredibly complex
这些马可以感知到 this communication system is because horses can sense
你身体和情感上最微妙的变化 the most subtle changes in your physical and emotional state.
敏锐的观察力和丰富的肢体语言让野马 Keen eyesight and a complex body language allows mustangs to
在完全无声的环境中也能自由交流 have conversations in complete silence.
这一不可思议的现象告诉我们 This incredible experience reveals that some animals are
在不为科学家所知的交流方式上 intelligent in ways that
有些动物非常聪明 science may have previously failed to consider.
动物非常聪明 可以学会我们的语言 We've seen how animals are smart enough to learn our language.
这就是"喵" 拿对了 好孩子 There's Meow. Yeah, Good girl.
但他们也有自己的语言 But they also have their own.
我们现在还不能完全明白它们交流的方式 They communicate in ways that we still don't fully understand.
它们甚至还能用肢体语言交流 And can even talk with their bodies.
一旦你和身边的人沟通交流 Once you communicate with those around you,
你就会了解他们的想法 you can find out what they're thinking.
由此就展开了复杂的心理游戏 And complex mind games become possible.
在加勒比海的圣基茨岛上 On the island of St Kitts in the Caribbean,
数以千计的度假者涌上阳光海岸 thousands of holidaymakers flock to sun-soaked beaches
休闲放松 享受美景 to relax and enjoy the view.
可一位犯罪天才正在监视他们的一举一动 But their every move is being watched by a criminal mastermind.
对一些淘气的长尾黑颚猴来说 For a few rogue vervet monkeys,
热闹喧嚣的海滩酒吧充满了下手的机会 the bustling beach bars have become a land of opportunity.
但它们是如何在我们眼皮底下得手 But how do they steal from under our noses
而不被发现的呢 without being spotted?
它们似乎知道我们的视线何时转移 It seems they know when we take our eyes off the ball.
利用它们钟爱的果汁 和一块挡板 Using their taste for fruit juice, and a small board,
我们可以看看它们是如何以智取胜的 we can see how they use their intellect to outwit us.
沙滩椅 遮阳伞租赁处
我来介绍一下这个实验 OK, here's how this is going to work.
如果长尾黑颚猴确实知道我目光的方向 If vervet monkeys can indeed understand the direction of a gaze,
它们会根据我的视线范围 they're going to behave very differently depending on
采取不同的行动 where I'm looking, what I can and cannot see.
这杯果汁在我视野范围内 So here, a fruit juice that I can see in full view,
这杯果汁被牌子挡住了 and here, another one blocked by this sign.
它们会选择哪一杯呢 Which one are they going to go for?
没过多久 It doesn't take long.
很快我就发现我被盯上了 Soon enough I know I'm being watched.
这只猴子正集中精力解决 The monkey is paying particular attention to
这个摆在它面前的地形难题 the geography of the puzzle before him.
可是 它是否知道我能看到我面前的果汁 But does he know that I can see the juice in the open,
却看不到板子后面的果汁呢 and not the one behind the board?
如果你是个想偷果汁的长尾黑颚猴 When you're a juice-robbing vervet monkey,
你就得降低被抓到的风险 you need to reduce the chances of being caught.
经过对形势的迅速分析 After a quick analysis of the situation,
只有一杯果汁可以拿 there's only one drink to pick.
看到了吗 Did you see that?
它在挡板后面偷瞄了我一眼 Having a little peek at me over the barrier,
但它果断选择了那杯我看不到的果汁 but he went straight for the juice that's hidden from my view.
猴子到底在想些什么 Scientists are still debating
科学家仍在争论 exactly what monkeys are thinking,
但它们似乎懂得如何换位思考 but it seems they can put themselves in another's shoes
先分析我们的视线 然后再行动 and work out their eye line before making their move.
毫无疑问 猴子可以利用自己的聪慧 There's no doubt that monkeys can use their intelligence to
蒙骗它们的对手 由此可见 outwit their competitors and because of the way that they do it,
我们人类也许不是 this opens up the possibility
唯一了解他人思维的动物 that humans are not the only animals
事实上 其他动物可能也具有这种能力 who can actually understand what others are thinking.
换位思考 Seeing the world from
是一项重要的社交技能 another's perspective is a real social skill.
运用好它可以让我们先发制人 Allowing you to stay one step ahead of your competitors.
在一些情况下 尔虞我诈在所难免 But in some cases, outright deception is the name of the game.
在佛罗里达州 In Florida,
科学家正在密切关注一种小鸟 a small bird is being watched closely by science,
因为它的生活方式惊人地复杂 because its life is surprisingly complicated.
灌丛鸦食橡子为生 Scrub jay survival depends on acorns,
可到了冬天 橡子少之又少 but in winter there simply aren't enough to go around.
那么 它们如何确保自己有足够的食物 So how do they make sure they have enough food to last them
来熬过漫漫寒冬呢 through the leanest times?
答案很简单 就是尽量找到更多的橡子 The answer, of course, is to stock their own larder with
然后把它们储藏起来 as many acorns as they can find.
但在灌丛鸦的世界里 事情没那么简单 But in scrub jay society, life isn't that simple
因为小偷无处不在 because thieves are everywhere.
那么如何确保食物不被偷走呢 So how can a bird keep its bounty safe and sound?
有趣的在后面 Here's where it gets interesting.
汉克正在寻找一顿免费的午餐 Hank is on the lookout for a free meal,
小偷
地上的鲍勃发现了异样 and Bob on the ground knows it.
汉克自认为占了上风 Hank thinks he's got the upper hand.
鲍勃假装没有发现它的秘密监视 Bob acts as though he hasn't noticed the covert surveillance,
像往常一样贮藏橡子 and stashes his acorn as usual.
一旦汉克记住了储藏点 Once Hank has remembered the location,
它就认为橡子已是囊中之物 as far as he's concerned it's in the bag.
但鲍勃骗了它 But Bob outwits him.
天才
它在演戏 He's faked it.
确认周围没人后 挖出了它的宝贝 And, making sure no one's looking, he digs up his treasure
埋在了另一处秘密地点 and buries it in secret elsewhere.
看起来 汉克又要空腹而归了 Looks like Hank is going to go hungry...again.
推测他人的意图 并以此欺瞒对方 The ability to predict another's intentions
这种复杂的思维过程在我们看来 and use this to deceive them involves complex thought processes
只有人类和其他类人猿才具有 thought to be shared only by humans and other great apes.
可令人震惊的是 小鸟也能做到 Which, for a small bird, is astounding.
当你的周围潜伏着各种骗子 When you're surrounded by potential deceivers,
群居生活的弊端就显现出来了 living together can definitely have its downsides.
对于这些哥斯达黎加的白面卷尾猴来说 For these white-faced capuchins in Costa Rica,
群居是存活下来的根本前提 living in groups is essential for survival.
卷尾猴具有极高的领土意识 Capuchins are highly territorial, defending their patch,
誓死捍卫自己的家园 often to the death.
被同类所杀的卷尾猴 More capuchins are killed by their own species
比被其他动物所杀的多 than by any other animal.
当团队合作变得如此重要 So when team playing is this important,
你如何知道该信任谁 how do you know who to trust,
又如何向你的盟友 and how can you prove to
证明你是值得信赖的呢 your allies that you're trustworthy yourself?
当生活较为平静的时候 The answer lies in quieter times
我们就能知道它们如何增进感情 when team bonds are reinforced.
有时会用一种独特的方式 Sometimes in rather unusual ways.
有时候 它们甚至会让同伴把手指伸到 Occasionally they even offer up their eye sockets
自己的眼窝中 to another's finger.
这是最古怪的沟通方式 Communication at its most bizarre.
这些可能造成痛苦的仪式看起来很怪异 These potentially painful rituals might look extreme,
但科学家们认为这是一种表忠心的方式 but scientists believe that it's a way of proving loyalty,
类似于我们人类的歃血为盟 similar to the human practice of becoming blood brothers.
如果我让你把手指放入我的眼窝 If I let you stick your finger in my eye,
理论上来说 你能在战斗中信任我 the theory goes, then surely you'll trust me in battle.
这种看似奇异的行为凸显出合作的益处 This seemingly strange behaviour demonstrates
在卷尾猴的社会中 the benefits of co-operation,
合作能够挽救它们的生命 which in capuchin society can save lives.
团队协作的成功取决于 Successful teamwork relies on a degree of co-operation
个体之间的默契 between each and every individual.
但怎样论证 But how can you prove that animals
动物真的明白如何通力合作 aren't just co-operating instinctively, and that they
而非单单出于本能呢 actually understand how to work together?
在泰国 乔什博士和他的团队 In Thailand, Dr Josh Plotnik and his team
设计了一个独特的实验来探究这一问题 have devised a unique challenge to find out,
利用滑台 一些绳子和诱人的奖品 using a sliding table, some rope, and an irresistible reward.
现在 问题来了 So here's the problem.
大象需要 The elephants need to be
拉近滑台来够到葵花籽 able to pull the table closer to gain access
绳子是它们可以利用的工具 to the sunflower seeds, and they need the rope to do that.
可它们中如果只有一个拉动绳子 But if only one of them pulls the rope,
它们都将无功而返 then they both go hungry.
它们能携手解决这个全新的问题吗 Can they work together to solve a novel problem?
更为关键的是 And more importantly,
它们真能理解这道难题背后的合作概念吗 do they actually understand the concept behind it?
第一次尝试 大象以失败告终 The first time the elephants are shown this task, they fail,
不过 这是一个学习的必经过程 but this is a necessary part of the learning process.
它们一定正在努力思考 And something is definitely going on in there,
四公斤重的大脑正在高速运转 a four-kilogram brain is working it out.
我觉得它们首先应该知道 The first thing I think they learn,
要在这次考验中学习 and there has to be some learning involved,
因为这是它们从未做过的任务 as this is a task they've never experienced before,
它们首先要明白 the first thing they learn
自己需要一位搭档 is that their partner needs to be there.
而且不仅仅是需要搭档 And they've learned not only does their partner need to be there,
还要和搭档相互配合 but their partner needs to be doing something.
没多长时间 它们就想出解决方案了 It doesn't take them long to figure it out.
但是乔什想证明 But Josh needs to prove that
它们能理解这是怎么回事 their brainpower allows them to understand what's going on,
所以他先放开一只大象 so he releases one elephant before the other
希望这只大象会等待它的同伴 in the hope it'll wait for its partner.
等待的过程才是关键 This moment of waiting is key.
乔什得到了他想要的答案 Josh gets the answer he was looking for.
大象们思考如何协作 The elephants are thinking about co-operation,
这显示出它们非常聪明 适应能力超强 and that demonstrates how smart and how well-adapted these animals are.
这非常好地证明了动物理解协作关系 It's all very well proving that animals understand co-operation.
但协作精神对它们在野外生存有何帮助呢 But how does it help them to survive in the wild?
在南非 In South Africa,
幼年猫鼬碰到了一个非常棘手的问题 young meerkats have a huge problem on their hands.
它们得学会如何吃掉有毒的猎物 They have to learn how to deal with potentially lethal prey.
因为猎物的尾巴上有刺 Because a meal here literally has a sting in its tail.
学会对付蝎子需要数月的时间练习 Handling scorpions takes months of practice.
幼年猫鼬是如何学会 So how do pups ever learn
沙漠就餐的健康安全法则的呢 the health and safety rules of the desert menu?
为了保证幼年猫鼬能存活下来 For all the meerkat pups to survive out here,
成年猫鼬必须保证 the adults must ensure that
它们能搞定最危险的食物 they can handle even the most dangerous food items on the menu,
这事儿压力很大 and the pressure is on.
在猫鼬社会 In meerkat society,
所有成年猫鼬都要喂养幼年猫鼬 all adults help feed the youngsters,
回应即使是最微弱的求食声 responding to the slightest begging call.
我将借助这个向你展示成年猫鼬 And I can use this to show you how the adults' behaviour
是如何加速幼年猫鼬的学习过程的 speeds up the pups' learning process.
我将借助这个扬声器 I'm going to carry out
做个小实验 a little experiment with the help of these speakers,
扬声器将播放幼年猫鼬的求食声 which are going to play back meerkat pup begging calls,
我将观察成年猫鼬的反应 and I am going to monitor the response of the adults.
首先 我将播放三四周大的 Now, first up, I'm going to play back the begging calls of
幼年猫鼬的叫声 three to four-week-old pups,
这可以算是它们学习的第一天 so basically it's their first day at school.
没过多长时间 It doesn't take them long.
地面上就有东西在活动 Something is definitely going on down there.
看得出来它们快抓到东西了 You can tell when they're close to getting something
因为它们在很努力地刨地 because they really go for it.
就在此时 Right on cue,
一只成年猫鼬抓来了一只无害的幼虫 an adult 'brings me back a harmless larva
这对无经验的幼仔来说是完美的食物 the perfect food for an inexperienced pup.
当它发现这是扬声器而不是幼年猫鼬时 And when the pup turns out to be speakers,
意想不到的事发生了 there's an unexpected bonus.
你把它吃了啊 Did you just eat that?
那不是要给我吃的吗 Was that not supposed to be for me?
这是教授捕猎的第一步 This is the first part of the teaching process,
但绝不是最后一步 but it doesn't end there.
幼年猫鼬需要学会如何对付更危险的猎物 Pups need to learn how to handle more dangerous prey.
现在我要播放年纪稍微大一点的 Now I'm going to play back the begging calls of
即十到十一周大的猫鼬的叫声 slightly older pups, 10 to 11-week-olds,
它们已经准备好要去捕猎了 which means they're virtually ready to graduate.
在这个年纪 它们已经可以对付 And at this stage they should be able to handle
稍微麻烦一点的猎物 即活的 slightly more difficult prey, so we're talking prey that's alive,
也可能是有毒的猎物 prey that's possibly venomous,
所以 我有点怕 which is why I'm a little bit apprehensive
成年猫鼬可能带回来的猎物 as to what the adults might bring me back.
在我听来 两种求食声没差别 The calls sound the same to me,
但和草原土拨鼠的叫声一样 but like those of prairie dogs,
还是有细微差别 there is a subtle difference.
猫鼬利用它们极强的嗅觉 Meerkats use their fantastic sense of smell
寻找合适的食物 to source the appropriate food.
经过一段时间的搜寻 And after a bit of searching,
一直成年猫鼬开始认真地刨地 an adult starts digging in earnest.
那是只蝎子 一只半蝎子 That is a scorpion, that is a scorpion and a half.
看呐 它在找幼年猫鼬 Look at that, and it's looking for the pup,
但是它绝对带来了幼年猫鼬能对付的 but it's definitely brought the most dangerous prey
最危险的猎物 that a pup can handle
对十到十一周的猫鼬来说是完美的食物 perfect for an older pup of 10 to 11 weeks.
它没找到小猫鼬 就自己吃掉了 He can't find the pup, he's eating it himself,
但这结果太棒了 正是我们想要的 but brilliant, brilliant result, just what we were looking for.
真乖 Good man!
这次的蝎子半死不活 This time, the scorpion was barely alive.
在学习的最后阶段 During the final stages of learning,
成年猫鼬仍然会把刺拔掉 the adults still bite off the sting
以便幼年猫鼬能在相对安全的环境中学习 so the pups can learn in relative safety.
但最终 它们会带来全副武装的活猎物 But eventually they'll bring one back alive and fully armed.
科学家认为 通过群居生活 Scientists think that by living in groups,
幼年猫鼬可以加速学习过程 meerkat pups can fast-track their learning process.
这意味着它们有更多的时间 Which means they've got more time on their hands
来熟练捕猎技巧 to do what youngsters do best.
玩耍 是认识外部世界的最佳方式 Play is the perfect way to learn about the world around you.
通过玩耍 动物可以尝试新鲜事物 By playing around, animals get to try things out.
从失败中吸取教训 Learn from their mistakes.
甚至找准自己的生活定位 And even find their place in life.
一些动物 比如海豚 And some, like dolphins,
似乎永远长不大 never seem to grow out of it.
玩耍是学会与外界打交道的 Play is an excellent way
最佳方式 to learn about how to deal with the world.
看上去海豚只是在打闹 It might look like the dolphins are just fooling around,
但玩耍远比我们以为的重要 but all this play is much more important than we think.
这让它们更聪明 It's making them smarter.
鲸鱼和海豚是公认的 Whales and dolphins are undeniably
世界上最聪明的生物之一 some of the most intelligent creatures on our planet.
据说在一个墨西哥的咸水湖里 And rumour has it that there's one lagoon in Mexico where
幼年灰鲸却喜欢和另一种生物玩耍 young grey whales actively engage in play with another species
人类 us!
这个咸水湖对灰鲸来说至关重要 This lagoon is so incredibly important to the grey whales,
数千年来 它们来此产幼鲸 I mean, for thousands of years they've come here to calve
抚养幼鲸 and to rear their young.
我猜 它们觉得这里很安全 It's really sort of a place they know they can be safe,
可以很放松地玩耍 at peace, and play, I guess.
鲸鱼会在此停留数月 The whales stay here for months whilst the calves develop,
等待幼鲸身体和智力都发展成熟 both physically and mentally.
充满好奇心的童年 And when you're young and inquisitive,
是寻找新玩伴的最佳时机 it's the perfect time to find a new playmate.
看呐 Oh, look!
太不可思议了 This is unbelievable.
它们可以在整个咸水湖里畅游 They have the whole lagoon to swim in,
这对好奇的家伙却游向我们的船 and yet this inquisitive pair
想把我们看清楚 are coming in for a closer look.
妈妈在水下 支撑着幼鲸 The mother's right underneath, supporting the calf.
这是什么意思 So what does that mean?
它们想告诉我什么 What are they trying to tell me?
幼鲸喜欢我拍它 挠它的鼻子吗 And is this calf happy to get patted, to get its nose scratched?
跟你说 I tell you what,
我可不喜欢它这样喷我 I'm not happy to be getting that blown in me face!
它们愿意接近我们 It's just counterintuitive
灰鲸妈妈允许幼鲸接近我们 that they should be near to us,
不太符合自然规律 that their mothers should allow them to get so close to us.
而不是 Instead...
你好 Hello!
看呐 Look at this,
好神奇啊 this is so special.
毫无疑问 这不仅仅是 There's no question that this means more than just
不好意思 我们不小心碰到你们的船 "Oops, we just happened to bump into you,
马上就走 we're going to swim off."
它们留在这 还喜欢我挠它鼻子 They stay and they like to get scratched.
在这里玩它会很开心吗 This is playful behaviour, is it happy?
它能感觉到高兴吗 Is it feeling happiness?
认为它们有感情 Is it so ridiculous to even think
会是很可笑的想法吗 maybe do they feel emotions?
我和它们玩可笑吗 Is that ridiculous now?
我们有责任 至少研究一下 We have a duty to at least investigate it.
这才是重点 This is important.
这次有趣的会面具有重大的意义 This anecdotal meeting is important in itself.
并不是我在把与神秘灰鲸的 It's not just me romanticising this fabulous contact with
美好会面浪漫化 this incredibly mystical creature.
这看起来 我感觉起来 都像是... This feels and looks like something else,
像一种交流 like a form of communication.
如果你现在问我 If you had to ask me now,
我是否认为这些动物有感情 do I think these animals are feeling things,
我会说 有 I would say yes.
我会说 有 I would say yes!
我没想到我会这么回答 And I didn't think I'd say that.
所以 作为一名科学家 So, as a scientist,
我想研究一下动物的情感 now I want to be part of understanding this more.
作为人类 And as a human being,
我现在完全被这些生物震惊了 I'm completely overwhelmed with these creatures right now.
鲸鱼有感情 这种想法可能有些牵强 The notion of whales having emotions might seem a bit far-fetched,
但有消息称 But consider this,
七年前 科学家们发现 Only seven years ago, scientists discovered
某些鲸类大脑中存在皮质层细胞 spindle cells in the brains of a few species of whales.
在此之前 人们只知道 Until that point, only humans
人类和类人猿有这种细胞 and the other great apes were known to have them.
就是这种细胞让我们 We know that it's these types of cells that allow us
能够感受爱 对别人感同身受 to feel emotions like love and empathy.
事实上 鲸类的大脑 And even accounting for the fact
比人类的大得多 that whale brains are larger than ours,
早期预计表明 early estimates suggest
它们的皮质层细胞数量可能是人类的三倍 that they could have three times as many spindle cells as humans.
刚才是在道别吧 I think that was the goodbye.
我永远都不会忘记这一幕 And one that I won't ever forget.
只有高度发达的大脑才能感受情感 Feeling emotion requires a highly developed brain,
根据我们目前所知的信息 and if anecdotal evidence is anything to go by,
我们并不孤独 we're not alone.
实际上 感性能提高自身存活几率 Being emotional actually increases your chances for survival.
恐惧让我们远离危险 Fear keeps danger at arm's length.
爱让我们保护家人 Love means we protect our relatives.
悲伤教会我们对家人无动于衷的后果 And grief shows us what happens if we don't.
感情若真是如此重要 So if emotions are this important,
我们该如何证明 how can we actually prove
动物有感情呢 that animals can experience any of them?
在西雅图 In Seattle,
科学家正在研究一种脑容量巨大的群居鸟类 a big-brained social bird is under intense scrutiny.
琼·马斯拉夫教授耗时十年研究 Professor John Marzluff has spent ten years studying
乌鸦如何利用聪明才智在城市生存 how crows use their intelligence to survive city life.
他认为对情绪的感知对其生存大为有利 And he thinks emotion may have a hand in their success.
研究这些聪明鸟类需要大动干戈 Studying these clever corvids is a military operation,
因为抓捕它们特别困难 because they've become increasingly difficult to catch.
在琼的研究中 面具的使用很关键 And these masks have become essential to John's research.
乌鸦认得出捕捉过它们的人 Crows remember the face that catches them and then
日后就会对这人避而远之 avoid it like the plague in the future.
不过这只体型还不错 Looks in pretty good shape, though.
因此琼和同事必须改变容貌 So John and his colleagues have altered their appearance to
才能研究情绪与记忆间可能存在的关联 investigate a possible link between emotion and memory.
我拿了一份琼的原始人面具 To show you how good these birds are
来给大家展示这些鸟儿 at recognising and remembering a face,
对于面容的惊人记忆力与辨别力 I've got one of John's caveman masks.
现在 我没有戴上面具 Now, without it,
就能随意地漫步于此 I can walk around here perfectly happily
鸟儿们也不会在意我在做什么 and the birds won't pay any attention to me whatsoever,
但请注意我戴上面具后 会发生什么 but watch what happens when I put it on.
鸦群如此躁动不安 说明我被认出来了 This scolding behaviour lets me know I've been spotted,
还告诉其它乌鸦 and it also transmits a message to other crows
危险正在逼近 that danger has arrived.
令人惊奇的是 What's amazing
琼并不是在上一周 上个月 或是上一年 is that John didn't catch these particular crows
抓捕过这些奇特的乌鸦 last week, last month, or even last year.
抓捕行动是五年前的事情了 He caught them five years ago!
究竟是什么让它们对面具记忆犹新 So what is it that makes their memory of the mask so vivid?
这个问题需要请教脑部生理学专家 To answer that question, you need experts in brain physiology,
并借助尖端科技来解决 and some cutting-edge technology.
在用捕捉它们时所戴的面具 After jogging the birds' memories
刺激鸟儿们的记忆之后 with the mask that caught them,
小组成员趁鸟儿熟睡时 the team can find out
对其进行扫描 what's going on in their brains
就能了解其大脑内部变化 by scanning them while the birds are asleep.
尖端数据统计完成后 And after a touch of statistical genius,
结果出来了 the results are in.
琼 先告诉我屏幕上的是什么 Right, John, what are we looking at here, then?
好的 我们可以在这张片子上 Sure, so in this case what we've got are
看见这只鸟的大脑切面 virtual slices through the brain of the bird.
彩色区域则是大脑最为活跃的部分 The colours are the areas that were most active.
这里是海马区 Here we have the hippocampus...
海马是关于... Hippocampus is all about...?
掌管空间记忆 短时记忆 Spatial memory, short term memory.
也就是说这些危险面具 All right, so the birds are recalling stuff as they're
-能唤起鸟儿的记忆 -没错 - looking at that dangerous mask. - Absolutely.
这张挺有趣的 This in itself is interesting,
但下一张的发现才算是石破天惊 but the next image is truly groundbreaking.
这块极度活跃区域是什么 What is that highly active area here, then?
恐惧中枢区域 It's the fear centre.
算得上是鸟儿大脑的情感中枢区域 It's basically the emotional centre of the bird's brain,
还有杏仁核 在一定场景下产生的情绪 the amygdala, adding the context of emotion to that memory
会被大脑记录下来 and thought that was going on in the brain.
也就是说这些乌鸦感受到了情绪吗 So does that mean that these crows are feeling emotion,
就像人一样能感觉到恐惧吗 they're feeling fear like humans do?
当然 两者使用相同的大脑部位 Absolutely, they're using the same structures in the brain,
可能还有同样的化学物质 we know they're probably also using
在它们的大脑中传递这种感觉 the same chemicals in the brain to convey this feeling.
毋庸置疑 So I think there's no doubt that
这些鸟的确能感受到恐惧 these birds feel the emotion of fear.
就在这里 Well, that, here it is.
证据确凿 乌鸦拥有基本情绪 This is unequivocal proof that crows have basic emotions.
在有了如此难忘的经历后 And after such a strong, memorable experience,
它们学会了 they're smart enough never to
再也不要靠近戴了面具的人 go near anyone wearing the mask again.
强烈的情绪能巩固大脑中重大经历的记忆 Strong emotions can cement the memory of important experiences
这使得乌鸦有了进化的优势 into the brain, and that gives crows an evolutionary edge,
如果能记得危险与安全的环境 because if you can remember what's dangerous and what's not,
这可是绝佳的生存技能 that's an incredible survival tool.
但情感不仅仅是恐惧 But emotions can get much more complex than fear.
比如说 感到自豪 For instance, to feel pride,
要像其他人一样看清自己 you have to be able to see yourself as others do.
需要有自我意识 You need a sense of identity.
这是最为高级的社交技巧 This is a truly advanced social skill.
但不是每种动物都能掌握 But not one that many animals appear to have mastered.
当动物们看到自己时 When confronted with their own image,
它们大多认为那是别人 most animals see only another individual
而且认为它很危险 and a potential threat.
认出自己 It takes a quantum leap in brainpower
需要很高的智力 to recognise your own image.
为什么这只雄象会叫普吉菲尔呢 So, how would a bull elephant called Pooki Fare?
识别能力不是瞬时产生的 Recognition isn't instantaneous,
普吉一定在思考 but something is definitely going on in Pooki's brain.
在弄清镜子里的并不是另一只大象后 After working out that his reflection isn't another elephant,
它发现这正是它自己的模样 he has to understand that he's looking at himself,
地球上少有物种有此能力 and this is something that very few species on the planet are able to do.
如果普吉将镜子当作威胁 It's worth remembering that Pooki would knock this mirror down
就会把镜子撞倒 if he saw it as a threat.
但它并不认为镜子里的大象危险 But he has something else on his mind,
它自己和迷人的象牙 himself and those rather fetching tusks.
通过用象鼻搔首弄姿 By inventing bizarre trunk movements,
普吉在试探镜子里的大象 Pooki is testing his own reflection,
它确实知道面前是一面镜子 suggesting he really does know what he's looking at.
真是奇怪 It's quite amazing how long
一只雄象竟能在镜子前臭美这么久 long a male can look at his own reflection!
大象在摸一个刚画上去的十字 And by examining a freshly painted cross,
说明它们知道 elephants prove they understand
镜子里的是自己 that they're looking at themselves.
这种自我意识影响深远 And this sense of self is truly profound.
知道了在别人眼中自己的样子 Knowing how you might be seen by others
就能感觉到担心 allows you to feel concern,
也会开始理解他人的感受 and have an understanding of their feelings.
这在高级的群体社团中是必不可少的 This is essential in highly complex social groups
比如象群 like those of elephants,
海豚群 以及类人猿群 dolphins and the great apes.
对于动物智商的研究 We're only just beginning to learn about
我们才刚刚起步 the full extent of animal intelligence,
但已知信息已经让人震惊不已 but what we've already learnt is astounding.
看见没 Did you see that?
我们周围的生物都通过大脑思索 Our nearest neighbours are sentient beings
创造多姿多彩的生活 that use brainpower to succeed in the trials of life.
动物们能互相学习生存技能 Animals can learn from one another to make life easier,
它们有各自复杂的语言 they have their own complex tongues,
甚至能理解他族语言 and can even understand foreign languages.
这是爱因斯坦 接住 乖孩子 Here comes Einstein. Do it, good girl.
它们能进行远距离交流 They communicate across vast landscapes,
可以为了更好的生活协同作战 can work together for the greater good.
也会运筹帷幄斗智斗勇 And they outwit each other with ingenious schemes.
它们有聪慧大脑 强健心脏 They have big brains, big hearts,
甚至能像其他动物一样看见自己 and can even see themselves as others do.
不由得引人深思 Which begs the question,
这些聪明的动物与你我有多相似 just how similar are the smartest animals to you and I?
要解决这一问题 To answer this question,
我们还得造访一种动物 we've got one more conversation to have,
如果传说是真的 and if rumours are anything to go by,
这份答案绝对非同凡响 this one promises to be truly out of this world.
科学证明 Science is showing us
动物能够完成许多我们曾认为 that animals are capable of many of the things
只有人类才能做到的事情 we once thought were unique to humans
使用工具 拥有语言和文化 tool use, language, culture,
甚至能表露情感 even emotions.
但是不同种类的动物之间 But would it ever be possible
能否实现心灵交流呢 to have an actual meeting of minds with another species?
如果世上有地方可以实现 Well, if there's anywhere in the world
那准是在这里 where that might just be possible, it's here.
美国类人猿基金会 This is the Great Ape Trust in the United States,
很多人相信 home to what many believe
这里住着全球最为聪慧的动物 are the most intelligent animals on the planet.
相信它能剪出一个好发型 Trusting her to give me a decent haircut
所以我没事 so I look OK!
三十年来 苏·萨瓦戈·鲁姆博夫博士 For 30 years, dr Sue Savage-Rumbaugh
让矮黑猩猩浸淫于人类文化 has been immersing bonobos in our culture,
将它们当做人类小孩抚养 raising them as you would any human child.
它们融洽的关系令人难以置信 And they have a relationship that almost defies belief.
它还想成为牙医呢 She would like to be a dentist as well.
苏可以和两位类人猿直接交流 Sue is able to communicate directly with two apes
31岁的肯兹 31-year-old Kanzi,
毋庸置疑的世界级类人猿语言大师 the world's undisputed ape language superstar.
和更为稳重的同父异母姐姐 And Panbanisha,
潘班尼莎 his somewhat more sophisticated half-sister.
人与猿究竟是怎样对话的呢 So how do you go about having a conversation with an ape?
这是一组抽象符号的图集 Well, this is a collection of abstract symbols
代表不同的英语单词 and they represent English words,
被称为图形字 and they're called lexigrams.
如果我想通过这些符号和类人猿对话 And if I learn to speak to them using these symbols
得按照类人猿的方式说话 it'll go a long way to sort of
想学会很不容易 ingratiating myself into their favour.
在会见其中一只矮黑猩猩之前 So I'm going to try and learn
我要使出浑身解数来记住这些符号 as many as I can before I meet one of the bonobos,
不得不承认这个任务令人望而却步 and I have to admit it's a little bit daunting.
这些图形文字的复杂程度 What's really interesting
吸引了我 about these lexigrams is their complexity.
你可以问类人猿一个问题 You can ask an ape questions,
甚至是有关过去或将来的事 even talk about the future or past.
但最重要的是 But, most importantly,
类人猿能用图形文字进行回应 it allows them to talk back,
从而实现真正意义上的人猿对话 allowing an actual conversation to occur.
上完基础速成课 So, after a crash course in the absolute basics,
他们告诉我 可以拜见大师了 I'm told I'm ready to meet the masters themselves.
首先是肯兹 但我完全不知所措 First up is Kanzi, but I don't feel ready at all.
词到用时方恨少 I'm not sure whether I've learnt enough symbols
因此我决定见机行事 so I'm just going to have to wing it,
走投无路的时候我干脆直接说话 and if all else fails I'll just speak to him,
我戴着话筒 because I've got a mic on
它在里面可以听到我的声音 and he can hear me inside.
肯兹 过来打个招呼吧 Hi, Kanzi, do you want to come and say hello?
你好 Well, hello there.
你好 小伙子 Hello, young man.
肯兹 Kanzi?
我给你 I...have...
带来了惊喜 surprise...for...you.
可是肯兹另有打算 But Kanzi has other things on his mind.
追赶和挠痒痒 To chase and tickle,
它想追着你 挠你痒痒 he wants to chase and tickle with you now.
我也想追你 挠你痒痒 I want to chase and tickle with you too!
快去 我来追你 Go, go, I'll chase you.
快去 我来追你 Go, I'll chase you.
这游戏很棒 我也喜欢挠人痒痒 That's a good game, I like tickling too.
它打算让西蒙也加入 He's trying to involve Simon in this.
它希望摄制组的人加入追赶游戏 He wants the crew to join in the chasing.
它想看着你们互相追赶 He wants to see you all chase each other.
那一定很有趣 Ha ha ha! That would be a good game.
肯兹很快就展示出 It rapidly becomes obvious
调皮的个性 that Kanzi has a mischievous personality.
它比我见过的任何动物 He's more human than any other animal
都更通人性 I have ever come across,
我们在正儿八经地对话 and we're actually having a conversation.
水 你想到里面冲凉 Water? You want water in here?
因为它觉得很热 Cos he's hot.
冲凉 你 Water, you.
好 要用软管接水冲凉吗 Yeah. With the hose?
用软管接水吗 用软管 The hose water? The hose.
软管 让我来 The hose. Me?
让你来 You.
我这就过来 I'm coming round.
我的天 Oh, my gosh.
我居然觉得和一只矮黑猩猩对话 It seems like the most normal thing in the world
是再正常不过的事情 to have a conversation with a bonobo.
我感觉我们已经成为朋友了 And I really feel quite a connection with him.
它很可爱 很招人喜欢 And he's lovely, his personality is amazing.
帅气的脸上神采飞扬 Beautiful face, full of beans,
我们还聊上了 and we're having a chat.
听起来荒唐 做起却非常自然 And it feels completely natural, which is rather odd!
感觉棒极了 How good does that feel!
也许肯兹和我一样乐在其中 Perhaps unsurprisingly,
我对这并不意外 Kanzi seems to be enjoying this game just as much as I am.
认真回答你有多可爱 Seriously, how adorable are you?
大声说出来 If you spit that out...
但苏认为 和潘班尼莎见上一面 But Sue thinks that by meeting Panbanisha we'll understand
有助于了解类人猿思想的复杂程度 just how complex an ape's thoughts can be.
我能进来吗 Can I come in?
它在向我要礼物 And she's asked me to bring a gift.
小可爱 Hey, lovely.
据说潘班尼莎 I've been told Panbanisha's
尤为偏爱无咖啡因的咖啡 rather partial to decaffeinated coffee.
诡计得逞 And it's done the trick.
它喜欢你 She likes you.
我想它对我青睐有加 I think I'm in her good books.
它想对你说 领结 She's telling you collar.
领结 什么领结 Collar, what's a collar?
我们出门的时候 Well, we put our collar on
需要戴上领结 when we go outdoors.
如果 你听懂了吗 If... You hear that?
我们坐车外出时 When we go outdoors we put our collar on,
需要戴上领结 if we're going to go in the car.
它提到外出坐车要戴领结 By knowing she has to
这一事实表明 wear the collar when in the car, Panbanisha
潘班尼莎很清楚当下的情形 is proving that she understands the context of the situation.
汽车 开门 Car, open...
活动室 领结 group room, collar.
如果 如果你打开那边活动室的门 See, if you, if you open that group room where you are out there,
走到门外 and go out that door,
它就会戴上领结 汽车就停在那里 and she puts her collar on, well, that's where the car is.
我们可以这么做 We could do that.
你可以爬到车斗上 Now you can get in the back.
好的 Ok.
潘班尼莎决定和大家一起野餐 Panbanisha has decided we're all going for a picnic,
这是新世纪类人猿外出的必经之路 and there's only one way for a 21st-century ape to travel.
似乎很荒唐 It might seem bizarre,
但这种行为非比寻常 but this is incredibly special.
潘班尼莎在与其他物种对话时 Panbanisha uses a complex tool to speak to another species
借助的复杂工具表达人类的语言 in a totally foreign language.
它懂得接待客人的惯例 She understands that there are rules associated with visitors,
并据此作出决定 and applies them when she makes impromptu decisions.
你想去哪儿 它想走这个方向 Oh, you want to? She wants to go this way.
它有足够的认知能力来改变决定 And she has the cognitive ability to change her mind.
我们走的是景观路线 毫无疑问 We're taking the scenic route, of course.
无论你怎么看这一切 Whatever you make of this,
毫无疑问的是 这些类人猿 there's no doubt these apes have a level of
表现出的思维能力 intellect that completely
完全颠覆了动物智商底下的老观念 redefines old theories of animal intelligence.
类人猿与人类有98%的基因是相同的 And communicating with an animal that shares 98% of its DNA
二者之间的交流 with humans seems like a fitting end
似乎能为我们的旅程画上圆满的句号 to our journey.
实际上 未解之谜还有很多 The truth is there's just so much more to discover.
极目远眺 Wherever you look,
放眼全球 right across our planet.
多少年来 For years,
我们认为人与动物有云泥之别 we've set ourselves far apart from other animals.
的确 人类是得天独厚的物种 And, yes, humans are very special.
但人与动物之间的智力差别 But the boundary between human and animal intelligence
远比我们的想象的要小 is much narrower than we thought.
有一点很明确 关键问题 And what's become very clear is it's not a question of
既不是和其他物种比智力 comparing us to other species,
也不是找出最聪明的动物 or even finding the smartest animal.
为了适应生存环境 Every animal is as intelligent
每种动物都具备了一定的智力水平 as it needs to be in its own environment.
我们还需要弄明白很多事 We've still got so much to learn.
我们懂得越多 But the more we learn,
就越要审视智慧的定义 the more we're going to have to redefine intelligence,
和人之为人的涵义 what it means to be human,
不可避免地 and the more our relationship with
人与动物的关系也会发生改变 other animals is inevitably going to change.