FREAKONOMICS
-= Subtitle Created By TreeHH QQ1744114159 =-
So I wanna sell my home
and I put on the market for 300,000 dollars
It's a lovely home you have
I'm the agent
Alright so let me start over, that was my ... i'm sorry
Alright I wanna sell my home
I put on the market for 300,000 dollars
I get an offer today for $290k
The question is if I wait a week
and get the offer for the full $300k
Would I rather wait that week and get the full price?
Or take the offer today for $290k
Ah you want to take it now
I'll be the real estate agent
I'm telling you want to take it right now because
because a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush... The market is starting to really soften up
with these things you just can never tell
If you get a good offer, I really think it's the right thing to take it
And I'm not speaking out of self-interest cuz I'm the real estate agent
and our interests are aligned
cuz I'm getting a commission out of your sales
I want you to get as much as you can for this house
I really do
When you think about the incentives
that the current contract set up
between the home seller and the agent
representing them, they are not well alligned
But can you ever prove that?
Interestingly, if you look at the sales data on real estate agent own homes
It's not their client's home when they sell their own homes
They get more money than they sell the same home for their client
Now why would that be?
What we find in the data is that agent hold out for better price
and leave their own homes on the market for longer
an average for 10 days longer
But when it comes to your house
The agent has the incentive to sell right away
Why? Cuz sometimes that $10k into his or her pocket
-Only $150 -I only get $150
Because if you take that $10k that goes to him
6 percent goes to commission but that gets wacked up
Half goes to the buyer's real estate agent
So I get half of that six percent
But then I have to kick back half of that to my agency
So I only get one and a half percents
So really, in order for me to help him gets the extra $10k
I personally only gets $150
But I have to work for an extra week
I have to buy all the marketing
I could be off to another client trying to get another whole commission on another house
So I have a strong incentive to say to him this is a great offer
It's the best offer you can get
I really think you should take it
So no matter what the real estate agency says
I would rather wait a week
and pick up the extra $10k
The agent wouldn't
It's not that real estate agents are bad
It's just that they're human beings and human beings repsond to incentives
If there's only one element
that I say is that almost everything we do
is the idea that incentives matter
and if you can figure out what people's incentives are
you have a good chance to guessing how they're gonna pay it
New prents look at successful families and successful parents
and they just want to copy them and so they try to do the things
they think that they did to get their families so smart and good and whatever
which is really just a ... can be a bad mistake of correlation cuase isolagi
You're gonna take your kid to ... you know ... every mommy and me music class
and you gonna take him to the museum and start looking at all the dreaken roman sculptures
you probably already playing mozart in the worm to get the brain really stimulated
and it turns out; that the best that we can tell
from looking at data of actual parents and children along these dimensions
that that stuffs don't really matters
that it just dones't make your child...better
so it might make you happier, might even make 'em happier, might also make 'em miserable
but it turns out that those are not causo-elements
I always said you can teach a kid just as much as in a grocery store
you can as in a museum, maybe more
My entire academic life
has been devoted to figuring out tricky ways to get a cause-eality
because the world just doesn't offer you a cause-eality
okay, what you see in the world is correlation
So what the world gives you is - things are moving together or they aren't
But to be useful, you need to dive down
be able to strip away what's causing what, what's not causing what
The data we looked at
suggests that, by the time you actually have a kid
most of the choices that you make will make you a good parent
you've already made them.
So if you go to the bookstore and buy 10 parenting books,
It's probably not really gonna help the kid that much
But the fact is that you are the kind of person
who as a parent cares enough to buy 10 parenting books even if you dont' read 'em.
That probably means you are a pretty good parent
Just don't think the books are gonna have a magic effect
Ah parents, we wanna believe so much that everything we do
is going to make a difference in our children's lives.
What they eat, where they go to school, who they hang out with
But before any of that takes place,
parents are confronted wth the one single ominous decision
that could shape the entirety of their children's future
what is going to be their name?!
These days, there's an entire industry devoted to naming your baby.
And business is booming
There's magazines, books, websites
There's even high profile baby naming experts.
I'm a baby name expert
I study names, I ask the parents how they choose names for their children
and I look at how names are changing,
because baby names are changing today faster than ever before.
Names are important, because they have a lot to do with your family, your heritage.
Names represent huge, you know what I mean, street creditbility all of that.
Names are definitely a big part of meeting someone
A name can make you popular, and a legend.
Without a name, u're nobody you've got to have a name. It tells your whole identity.
But just how important can name really be?
I mean, unless you're Rockefella or Gates
Can your name have some sort of magical power over your entire destiny?
Not convinced? What about the following stories?
Once upon a time, there was a young mother who thought
she was naming her daughter after her favorite actress on the Cosby show
The smart and firery Tempestt Bledsoe
This is the most humiliating moment of my entire life
and there had been many
But having never seen the way it was spelled
The young mother mistakenly named her new born daughter
Temptress
Well, little Ms. Temptress didn't have an easy life growing up
-I don't even know -What do you mean?
As a teenager, she became sexually promiscuous
Got into a whole bunch of trouble
Back here you little shit
That's right. I better not let me catch you
And ended up in court
All Rise!
Leaving the judge to ask her mother
Is young temptress just living up to the expectation of her name?
Was that just one little misplaced 'T' and 'R'
all that stood the life of ease and huxtable success,
verses those long hard days in court ... and 'juvie'
Harvard professor Dr. Roland Fryer was determined to find out just that
What happened to Temptress has NOTHING
to do with her name, has everything to do with where she grew up
It turns out, Temptress grew up in a poor black neighborhood
The kind of neighborhood Dr. Fryer has been studying for years
As a world leading renowned economist and an leading expert on race in America
Fryer has been long been interested in what he calls
Cultural Segregation
The gap between White Culture and Black Culture
One embodiment of that culture is
what you name your kid
is probably one of the few cultural items that we can really measure
precisely
What we did was we looked at the effects of your kid's first name
on their life outcomes
Dr. Fryer analyzed the naming records of every baby born in the states of California
over the last forty years
and those names tell an unmistakable story
African American parents are more likely than any other ethnic group
to give their children unique names
There is definitely a distinction between names ...
... for white people and names for black people
Black names will be Molique, JAQuan, NayShan, Naheem
-TaSha and Shamika -Shaniqua and NaShan and KayShan
I know this girl, her name is "treasure", TREZURE
struck me as typically that's more like an african american name
I like the names that begin with SHA, like Shaheem, Shahee, Shamur
Shakeem, ShaKoor
You know - Oprah. It's popular
It was actually in the fifties
and the early sisties that we saw
huge overlaps in the naming patterns of blacks and whites
So people name their kids John and Michael
and names like that
And what you saw was around 19 ... in the 1968 or so
kind of the black power movement actually
you saw distinct biofabrication
with black names getting more disctinctively black
and a lot of them are islamic names
Because the black power movement is about identity - who are we?
Who are you? Are you part of us?
It wasn't until the late 80s and 90s that we started to get
you know, kind of the ... made up, concatenated names
that you see now
This is generation today, they saw the change the whole name change concept
they have names that are 30 letters long you know
Everybody try to do something, um ... how do you say, unique
they try to name their kids over something different you know
We had 228 unique versions of the name "Unique"
Again, my favorite was ...
UNEQQEE
another one of my favorite was
UNEEK
ah ... so there are a lot of people trying to be unique
So what happened to all these uniquely named kids?
Kids like poor little temptress
I think it's not the name that's doing the damage to temptress
It's that they grow up in the type of situation
where someone would name their kids Temptress
The person would actually names their kids that
probably has a host of other issues
that are influcing their kids' lifetime outcomes
Not just the name itself
What kinds of issues?
Let's look at a boy with the most studied white name
and a boy with the most studied african american name
The person who gives their kid a distinctively biased name
on average is more likely
to live in poverty
and to be kind of on the lower wrongs of the socio-economic ladder
You see, this is where Jake lives
and this is where Deshawn lives
The schools are not functiong - the teachers in those shcools aren't the same quality
as would be in Jake's neighborhood
In those neighborhoods, 80% of the households are female headed only
and what we found is that, names don't matter so much
they type of mother you have, the type of family you have
the type of community you grow up in
those things matter a lot
but what they name you, just doesn't matter
So name doesn't define your destiny?
Maybe if you name someone destiny, I don't know
But ... No. I mean your name doesn't define your desinty
A name may not define your destiny
But it can dictate the ways other people perceive you
Meet Harvard professor Dr. Sendhil Mullainathan
I'm very familiar with Roland Fryer's work
We both worked on the impact of names
I think Roland has emphasized that
people who choose names that are very black are different
from other people that choose names that are not very black
whereas, we emphasize that holding everything else cosntant
that people who end up with very black names are treated very differently
We know that in the data African Americans earn a lot less
We are interested in how much of that earning less
is simply they find it harder to get a job
are all African Americans treated very differently in the labor market than whites
Dr. Mullaninathan conducted his own study
This time in Boston and Chicago
What we did is we made up 5,000 resumes
Half of them we put an African American name, half of them we put a White name
Otherwise, the resumes were the same. And we send them out
And we said, which gets callback more?
What we found was that the same resume when it had an African American name
was about 33% less likely to get an interview than it had a white name
It means that, if a White person searching for jobs for 10 weeks
an equivalent skilled African American will search for 15 weeks
and those are 5 long weeks if you were unemployed
You can judge somebody by their names
It's not right, but people do it
They assume that, just because your name is Monique
or your name is LaVongue,or Shenanig, or that
that you're African American and you are not qualified because
your name has an ethnicity to it.
One time, there was a girl name LaKeisha talked on the phone
and I thought she was black but when I met her I was totally shocked that
she was a white southern girl
When I picture LaShandra, yea she's black
The names we used in our studies were names like Lakisha, Jamal, Tyrone
Based on the results, it raises a question
I'm an African American parent, I'm thinking naming my child
Tyrone sounds like a very good name, I might have a grand father named Tyrone
Should I name my child Tyrone?
Yes, name your kid Tyrone, you've made it harder for him in the labor market
On the other hand, should you give in to that?
Should I give in to the prevailing norm, or should I express my individuality?
as I want
It's a bit of an ethical quandary
My friend got a drug dealer named Tyrone and I assume it's a black guy
Todd is a white name, Tyrone is a black name
I mean that's sort of how it goes, right?
You might choose a distinctively black name
as a way to signal something about yourself
and about your commitment to the black community
and that's the way to show other African Americans look I am really black
and I think there're distinctively black names already tell you
that there's a cultrual divide at some core, visible, noticeable level
and we see it sometimes in clothings, we see it in names
and in fact that's true, there're quite a few distinctively white names
names like Emily, Brandon, ... ah ...
... forgetting what those ... if you give me a minute I can count the others
White names are like Sarah, Megan
Mariah, Mary
Billy
Beckys, Johns
Tadd
Joe, Mike
Ryan, Sam
Chester
My brother and I were talking about how we have white sounding names
He's Abner, I'm Harper
Stone, Stone Phillips, that's like perfectly sutited for a white guy
that's the best white guy name you can have.
We live in different cultures and your name is largely determined by your culture
and the difference in the incident of LaKeysha among African Americans vs. white
might be a good way to understand how truely there are
different culutures African American inhabit and white inhabit
Today, there is more evidence than ever that the cultures we come from
influence the names we choose
Just ask the baby naming expert
More and more today,
you see parents choosing a namealmost as if launching a product
that you're tryint to position a child
for the best chance of success in the global market place
So in an oversaturated market place
which names garner the most attention?
Are some names destined for the top self,
while the others are headed for the bargain basement?
Let's take a look at the two product lines
Turns out, there is a such a thing as a knock off name
The top 5 middle class white girls names from Fryer's studies are:
(in order of popularity)
Ashley, Lauren, Jessica, Emily and Sarah
While the top 5 lower income white girls names are:
Brittney, Samantha, Amanda, Jessica and Ashley
So what happens to Ashleys?!
She's fast loosing popularity in the middle class list
But she's no.1 in the WalMart crowd
As those wealthier folks see their names popping up everywhere
they quickly discard them in favor of less merchandise
And just like that,
Today's high end Ashley, becomes tomorrow's low rent Trashley
On the lower strung of the ladder,
are the names that most signify lower class parents.
Like Misty, Destiny, Bobbi, Brandy or Cyndi
Now if you are over 40
and actually remember a time these names did't belong up here on stage
You're right!
Years ago, these names wouldn't be caught dead in a place like this
But the years have not been kind to a name like Bobbi
And even though she once was at the top of the social-economic ladder
Today, she's just clinging to her former glory
Please don't name your kid Barbie or Bambi or
anything like that, they might end up being a dancer one day because of it
And if you do end up with a name that's bound for stripperdom
at least you can change it
I mean, hey, it works in Hollywood
Think about it, would John Wayne has been as tough if his name is Marion Morrison?
Would we think Marilyn Monroe as beautiful if her name was still Norma Jean?
And would we think as Ice Cube rocking the crowd if his name is still O'Shea Jackson
Actually, I always wanted to change my names to Max Powers
cuz it seems like a name that everybody like once they hear that they're like
this guy must be really cool
I want to change my name when I was younger, I never liked it
If my name was, um, Henry O'Barma
You know what I mean?
I think that would mean something to people
and I would have more doors opened for me
I did want to change it but now I'm sort of cool with it
You just sort of like
jumps on your back and rides along with you through life you know
As much as you may hate your name, at least your dad isn't this guy
Meet Robert Lane
He has two sons. He named his first son Winner.
3 years later, he named his next son Loser
So Winner and Loser Lane set off in the world to claim their destinies
And what happened?
Well, Loser went to prep school on a scholarship
Graduated from college, joined the NYPD
and eventually became a detective. And then, a sergeant
He goes by Lou now
And his brother?
Well, the most note worthy achievement of Winner Lane is
the sheer length of his criminal record
Nearly 3 dozen arrests for burglary,
domestic violence, trespassing and other mayhem
Is there one name that you can give a kid that
guaranteer that won't become screwed up?
No
Sorry, there's not one name that you can give a kid that
guaranteer they won't become a screw up
And there's not one name that you can give a kid that
guaranteer they will become a success
You know, it is a crab-shoot when it comes to names
I don't think there's any name
that can guaranteer success, at least none that we found
The world is full of ...
... excellent people and terrible people with all sorts of names
The vast majority of the reason people choose is left unexplained
It's like, why did you choose your child's name?
Sounded nice
Who really knows what parents are thinking when they choose a name
Maybe your parents went with something traditional
Or something bohemian
Something unique
Or something perfectly trendy
And maybe your parents didn't have the best taste
and you can't stand your names
Or maybe, they got it just right
Actually, my name means intelligent hero
So, that describes me to the fullest
I was actually named after a horse . My dad is a horse trainer.
My middle name is comfort, because an angel came down to comfort my mother
and told her she's gonna have a daughter with dark hair
and blue eyes who would be a great comfort to her
The prophet Mohammed
My name says that I'm named after my grand father
who was named after his great grandfather
that was it says
In the end, most parents just want the best for their children
and if they believe a particular name they give can give their kid the extra edge
Then why not?!
I mean who konws?
It just might work
CHEATING
As W.C. Fields once said, "A thing worth having, is worth cheating for."
Or as Mark Grace of the Chicago Cubs once said
"If you ain't cheating, you aint trying."
Everybody understands why a kid would want to cheat on SATs right?
They have huge gains of ...
get into Harvard and have a good life as a result of cheating on a test
What's hard to think is why would a teacher cheat?
for a kid on a test
And, when you go to Chicago and goes back a few years ago
We find that lots and lots of teachers were cheating
Why would they cheat?
Well, because there was tremendous pressures on the teachers
to produce high test scores so their schools wouldn't get into troubles
First of all, to a very expedient ... to go to the end of the test
Cuz at the end of the test, a lot of the kids've left them blank
So instead of having to erase something and fill it back in,
you can just fill in the answers
It might look kind offunny
cuz how often would kids take a test
and they answered the first 20 questions,
leave 17 questions blank, and then fill in the last 8 questions
maybe be even a little funnier when
they fill out the last 8 questions and they all all the questions right
and those happens to be the hardest quesitons on the exam
THE EVIDENCE
When I got the data from this guy from public school
I mean we are talking about millions and millions of answers
thousands of kids, over years and years
and I looked at the data, I couldn't see anything.
How can you see anything?!
If you can think like a teacher who cheats, and look again at the sea of data
These patterns come to light
Patterns, which are suttle. Burried under mounts and mounts of data
When looked at through the varied length, suddenly
It just as clear as day. And when you know what to look for
You can't help but say it has to be cheating
What he's really good at, is pretend he's a cheater
a criminal, a thief, a cheat, all these things because
cuz really he's not far from it; I mean if you really think about what an economist is
the line between an economist and criminal is terribly thin
-And what about journalists? -Um, no line
Because he can put himself in the shoes of someone
who would behave criminally or who's a cheater
then you can back up the process and reverse engineer it
And that's what you have to do.
Because unless you are in the room with cheaters, it's really hard to catch them
It's not that some people cheat at every second or some people never cheat
We all cheat sometimes and others
Everyone got their own moral encompass
to determine what they'll do and what they won't do
Economic tries to be a pure science in an impure world
Economists imagine men and women are rational actors
In a market place that hides nothing from buyers and sellers
But what happens to market when people cheat?
10 years I've been interested in cheating
and I was in Washington DC
I remember just seeing a little blur in the Washington Post
that said there have been allegations of cheatings in Sumo Wrestling
My view has always been,
if some insiders come forward and say there's cheating,
probably there's something to it
If you had said, where is a sport where you would not find cheating
I'd have said Sumo Wrestling, one's that got 2,000 years of history
it's all about purification, ritual and honor
It's located in a culture,
which on all of the rankings of corruption across the country is really really low
The ancient sport of Sumo Wrestling, is the essence of pure competition
Two naked men, fighting in a sandpit
Under the watchful eyes of a referee, dressed as a Shinto priest
Shinto, means ways of the Gods
A religion that celebrates the purity and harmony of men and nature
In Sumo, you do your ceremonial stuff
One is the clapping of the hands
as to awake the Gods
Two is when we show our hands and flip our hands over and
stuff to show that we have no conceal weapons
You come here and you want to fight fair with your bare hands
and to tell the Gods you're coming in with
a fresh and clean might and heart vessel.
The stomping of the feet in the Shinto religion is to stomp out evil spirits
and throwing of the salt is purify
I think purity is a good mask,
for corruption, perhaps most so it discourages inquiry.
It's true that Sumo might seem to be immune from corruption
because of its purity, history, and so on
On the other hands, the stakes are high
When stakes are high, and when there's an incentive to cheat
A small percentage of people always will
Just as in medieval Japan
The wrestlers, known as Rikshi or strong man
spent years in apprenticeship
Living together around the clock and training in stables or Biar
Subject to strict moral and physical displine
If you're a Sumo Wrestler in the top ranks
Your life is very very good
and you can live like a king
Once you fall belows those ranks or never attained those ranks,
your life is not very good at all
So, it's a very steep pyramid, at the top life is great,
and there's lots of people down below life is not so great
But there are so many of them,
because they're all aspired to get to the top obviously
It's a battle 24/7, being a Sumo Wrestler
It's not just two big fat guy trying to ...
... to kill each other but it's a lot of work to be big
and at the same time active
6 major touraments a year
you have to wrestle with injuries
they throw you in a jungle and see how you can come out alive
The objective of the game is to push your opponent outside of the ring
or pushing him into the ring
But how can you tell if a Sumo Wrestler is cheating?
Is it a slip on purpose?
Is the fall rigged?
It's hard to tell unless you look at patterns over time
People who are actively corrupted always try to cover their trails
So corruption, by its nature is hard to identify, hard to prove
Murders are really great,
cuz almost always when someone is murdered, there's always a corsp
You might say "How would you know someone's cheating?"
and the answer is - look in the data
I don't have to ever seen a sumo match
I can look into data, I can look at it
And I can tell you, with almost complete certainty,
that there's rampage cheating going
In professional Sumo touraments, the wrestler fights one bout per day for 15 days
If you win 8 out of the 15 matches, you can move up in rank - half a slot
The difference of half a rank can be maybe 5,000 dollars in paychecque a month
The respects you get in the Sumo Association
So when you talk about stuff like that, that 8 win is real critical
A Rikshi entering a tourament final 15 match
with a 7 and 7 record, has far more to gain from a victory
than an opponent, say 8 and 6 has to loose
If a wrestler has 8 wins under his belts, he's guaranteed to advance
Even if he looses that last match
So he could afford to take a fall
In Japan, there's a term for match rigging - YAOCHO
Many suspected that Sumo matches might be rigged
But it's nearly impossible to prove, unless you look closely at the numbers
2 wrestlers that I would expect to have an even match
When 1 of them needs the eigth win and the other doesn't
The one who needs it wins 75% at a time
Rather than 50% a time
That's a huge deviation
I (8-6 wrestler) let you (7-7 wrestler)
let you win this deciding match cuz you my friend
gonna fall down the pyramid if you don't
In return, the next time those 2 guys meet
Lo and Behold, the 8-6 wrestler almost always wins those matches
"Honne" is Real Truth and "Tatemae" will be the surface of things, the faced
They are unusually important in Japanese culture
That's why the Japanese have given them names
But being human, living in any society, I think we can all understand
the concepts themselves
That Tatemae's going to be a great spectacle of honest competition
but in the surface of creating that pleasing faced
the actual players are engaging in a form of corruption
To have the "Honne" exposed produces discomfort
When you think of the financial scandals
That have racked America recently
A lot of people who were supposedly to be not just incredibly wise
but incredibly honest, has been exposed as neither
Those of us who have looked looked to the self-interest of lending institutions
to protect shareholder's equity, myself especially,
are in the state of shocked disbelief.
That produces a kind of dissolution, in any society that formerly looked
to those people or those institutions ...
... are somehow representatives of what's best in our society
Sumo would be an example of that in Japan
While I would not put the Bernie Madoff pre-arrest reputation,
I wouldn't necessarily call that one of purity
The way we would talk about Sumo Wrestling,
or the way we might talk about the Catholic Cleregy
The S.C.C. had an image of this guy -
that was almost sacred saint in that he's running the exchange,
he'd been a market maker.
His reputation was so large that it discourages them
from coming in with a bias toward corruption,
and instead, they brought a bias against it.
Mr. Madoff, what do you have to say for yourelf?
What do you have to say to the public, your investors?
The realm of high finance and the world of sumo
both demonstrate the illusion of purity
cannot only hide corruption, it can help to make it possible.
In Sumo, when whistle blower step forward to expose corruption
they were not treated kindly.
In 1996, two summo vetrans, including a recently retired stable master,
collaborated in a tell-all expos¨¦ that was serialized in the Shukan Post
The Sumo Association dismissed the allegation as lies,
told by a revengeful stable master
seeking to cash in on publicity.
To defend their claims, the whistle blowers decided to hold a press conference.
But two weeks before the press conference, both men died.
In the same hospital, on the same day
From the same ... myterious respitory illness.
Yet no one questioned the way they died, there were no autopsies
The police did not investigate the sudden and simultaneous deaths.
"It's a very good hospital", a police spokesman told reporters.
So, there were no grounds for suspecison.
Concerns about the sport resurfaced when another mysterious death haunted Sumo
This time it was a young "Rikichi" in training named Takashi Saito
Whose corpse showed visible signs of assault and multilation.
Hiromasa Saikawa took note of the death of the young wrestler
Sakawa is one of the nation's most vocal critics
of how murders are investigated in Japan.
He quit his post on the Tokyo Police Force
When the gap between the "Honne" (the hidden truth)
and the "Tatemae" (the facet propriety) had grown too wide
The job of any police force is to help keep crime at low enough levels
so that society can properly function.
The "Tatemae" of the police force is to be seen doing that
If the police can tell society, we solved 96% of crimes,
they have certainly fulfilled their "Tatemae" function.
In comforting society, making society feel safe.
But to achieve that level of "Tatemae"
The police might select only cases for investigation
that they think they have an extremely high chance of solving
Despite clear evidence of brutality,
the police declared that the young man died of natural causes.
And the stable master quickly asked for the young boy's body,
so it can be creamated.
But the angry father of the young man insisted autopsy,
which revealed that he has been burned with cigarettes;
and beaten to death with beer bottles and baseball bats.
The young boy has died at the hands of fellow wrestlers
who're ordered by the stable master to punished the boy
for trying to run away from the world of Sumo
Sumo counter-criticism with lawsuit against Takeda and his magazine
Juries ruled against Takeda in cases where he accused individuals of match rigging
But Sumo had no defence against the revelation of violence.
To defend its reputation, the Sumo Association shores up its image
By building on notions of purity from Shinto
that are essential to be what it means to be Japanese
Publicly, it insists that Yaocho is a myth.
I hope ... there was none of that going on
in the bottom ranks. But
where I was ... No.
A retired Rikshi who wrote to Komosubi - the 4th highest ranked in Sumo.
Keisuke Itai came forward, and publicly admitted to fixing many matches.
And named names of others, who did the same.
In Japanese media, there's a certain form of self-censorship
giving interviews in japanese,
the media will not quote me if I use the word "Daraku"
which is corruption in japanese
and they'll change it instead to something like "Konran" - confusion.
We certainly have the very same thing in America today.
The New York Times, for example, will not use the word TORTURE
to describe anything that's been carried out by Americans ...
... operating in our prison system and the war on terror.
However, if it's the Chinese who've done these things to an American airman,
the NY Times has no compunctions about calling those things TORTURE
The only way to combat corruption, to Steven Levitt,
is to change rules to undo corruption incentives
Unleash more investigative reporters
and develop strong protections for whistle blowers.
But that's easier said than done when cultural slogans
in American and Japan that we are honest, straight-forward
and fundamentally good.
Those who expose corruption
are challenging the very nature of who we imagine we're supposed to be
The irony of our Sumo Wrestling
was when it became public, the Sumo Wrestlers stopped cheating.
and they're not for good, they actually stopped cheating for a year or two
and once people stopped thinking about it, they went back to it.
but that I think is the answer how you stopped cheating. Louis Brandeis
said that sunlight was the best disinfantant.
What keeps us from seeing corruptions are our illusions
that our economy is a rational system.
A free market, opened to all
The fact is that rigging markets and matches is good business
If the rigging is hidden from all but a few
In Shinto, the mirror is an important symbol
reflecting a sense of who we are
In that mirror, the bad heart is a hidden heart
The pure heart is the one that hides nothing
Looking at the numbers and accept what they tell us
is a way of wiping dust away from the mirror
Hi there boys and girls
this is Captain Kangaroo
Say, I like you to meet a friend of mine
say, you know it's a lot and lot of fun to have a pet
that you can run, jump and play with, isn't it?
But did you know there're kids that cannot run, jump and play?
It's all because a thing called Polio
When I think of bad historical assumptions about
correlations and causeality, I think of Polio 100 years ago.
When it was this horrible mystery that claiming a lot of lives
And it was really scary cuz it mostly struck children.
And there was a strong line of resarch that suggested ice-cream
cause polio, that ice-cream consumption cause Polio.
Here comes Mr. Softy, the soft ice-cream man.
The reason that correlation was thought to be causal
was that Polio spiked in the summer time
For reasons, that weren't really understood, but it did.
And ice-cream sales spiked in the summer time.
So, these researchers're seeing that whenever a lot of ice-cream are being sold,
and consumed, there was a lot more Polio.
And that was literally the beginning of ice-cream prosecution
to try to stomp out Polio. And it sounds rediculous,
but you see it all the time now -
people try to fight against or build up something that they're sure
that's connected to something else, but turns out it just isn't.
We have a crime problem that is not out of control
-all over the country -I am pro-choice
extremists bombed more than 30 clinics across the country
People like you allows baby ...
When I started studying crimes in the early 1990s,
it was rough at its peak
the highest it's ever been in the history of United States
and all the experts expect it to go higher and higher
The warnings are everywhere.
But then, to everyone's surprise, something happened.
I don't know, I guess you're right
Supposed it'd be better off never been born at all.
-What did you say? -I said, "I wish I have never been born."
Homocide rate went up in half of the nation's cities
(Christmas, 1989) 373 homocides last year
up 65.7% over 1987
Murder is a national problem -
up an average 11% across the country.
In Bucharest tonight, the post communist leader Nicolae Ceauseascu
and his wife, had been executed.
Pictures of the former communist dictator lying in state
-excuted by the firing squad -Crime and violence are now
... the top concerns of many Americans.
You've been given a great gift George.
A chance to see what the world would be like without you.
As the 1980s drew to a close, law enforcement experts predicted
that the crime rate that has been preceeding decades
would continue to rise.
Would be the decade of the mega criminal
There was only one problem ... it didn't happen.
Across America, the crime rate is down.
The FBI has some good news about crime, it's down.
It's clear the numbers are dropping, what's not clear is why.
What's behind this dramatic change?
Primarily it's the Police, the police strategies.
We've incarcerated our criminals and thus taken out the population.
With those people, who did the crimes.
Experts and officials lined up to offer explanations for the drop in crime
Community police officers, better prevention
Their explanation included more innovative policing,
harsher criminal sentences, changes in the crack market,
increase gun control, a strong economy, more police on the streets
But economist Steven Levitt examined these explanations.
Evaluated the most popular ones.
When you looked at the data carefully,
it's just not clear that they really have the impact people suspected.
By ananlyzing the reasons most often cited by those in the press,
Levitt was able to separate the more likely factors
from the less likely ones
The crime drop explanation most often cited
was that innovative policing strategies
had been introduced to some cities.
NY City, for example, implementeded sweeping law enforcement changes
from Police Chief Willam Bratton's ComStat System
to Mayor Rudolph Giuliani's crack down on small street crime
The reductions in crime that has been taken place in NY City
are pretty close to miraculous
NY City, had among the biggest declines in crime
of any city in the country.
So, there's an enormous amount of fan fair ...
... given to the strategies of Guliani and Bratton.
But crime felt everywhere,
it's hard to find any city in United States where crime didn't plunge.
And also, crime was down 20-30% before Gulian ever took office.
So, a number of things make me suspecious
that it was really the Placing Strategies.
The second reason most cited for the crime drop,
was an increase in reliance on prisons.
We've locked up a million more americans since the 1990s
There are now 2 millions americans in prison,
and that's got to reduce crime.
Levitt recognizes that in prison more people will ...
in short term, bring crime rate down.
By my estimate, about 30% of the decline in crime
can be attributed to the fact that we got very tough on crime
in terms of locking up criminals.
This is crack cocaine
The 3rd explanation for the crime drop, most often cited in the press,
were changes in the crack market.
Now experets say, crack cocaine may finally be on the decline.
The peak of the crack epidemics came in at the late 80s and the early 90s
At that time, an enormous amount of the homocide in particular
can be attributed to the crack.
But for various reasons
the amount of violence that has been associated with the crack trade
really faded.
That's not the move no more
So that can explain 15% of the decline in crime.
Other possible reasons for the crime drop examined by Levitt include:
tougher gun laws.
the 1990s economic boom and an increase in police nation wide.
So Levitt did not entirely discount these
He sees these only account for a small fraction
of the overall crime drop
There are millions factors that drive crime,
but how do you determine the particular competition?
Overall, what Levitt found from all these reasons
was taken together, they only explain half of 1990s crime drop.
The other half remained a mystery.
So what happened?
Well, let's remind
to what many Americans may have seen as irrelevant incident
in a far away place.
When Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceausescu
was executed by his own people on Christmas Day 1989,
it marked the end of the brutal totalitarian rein
that has lasted 24 years.
In his earliest days, Ceausescu's Romania faces struggling economy
and he sought to vastly increase the workforce.
To achieve this, Ceausescu outlawed abortion in 1966.
Agents known as the Montrose Police
rounded up women to give pregnancy tests
and attacks the infertiles.
Across Romania, women were forced to have children
and they could no longer choose whether it was right to do so.
Romania's birthrate doubled.
But more and more births across the country were, not surprisingly unwanted.
And result in trouble up bringing.
Of the infants forcibly born in the first year,
more disenroll school, suffered more job performance,
and with thus more likely to become criminals,
than those born of the previous year.
Even controlling for the aids, income, health and education of the mother
But what do winds in Romania a long time ago,
have to do with crimes in US in 1990s?
According to Steven Levitt ... a lot.
You've been given a great gift George, a chance to see
what the world would be like without you.
What I believe to be true and the evidence supports it,
is a hypothesis which many people find jarring and disturbing.
But nonetheless, I think it's probably right.
Good evening, in a landmark ruling that Supreme Court today legalize abortions.
In 1973, in a case called "Roe V. Wade"
the Supreme Cort rules that abortion, which has been only legal in 5 US states,
would now be legal nation wide.
Precisely the opposiste of what happened in Romania,
The legalized abortions in 1970s,
was one of the prime reason why crime felt in the 1990s.
Because the whole generation of unwanted children were never born,
because of legalization of abortion.
If you fast-forward 20 years
to the point in time when they were going to be their peak crime ages,
they simply weren't there to do the crime.
You see George, you really had a wonderful life.
Don't you see what a mistake it would be to ... throw it away?
The trouble, of course, is that life isn't like the movies.
For so many children who without "Roe V. Wade"
would have been born in 1973,
their lives might not have been a wonderful life
that've been born in a loving family, in yesterday's small town America.
Rather, they'd be a far harder road -
been born into a potentially unwanted household
in American's crumbling little cities, or forsaken heartland.
Levitt's conclusion: "As much as half of the 1990s crime drop,
was an unintended consequence of Roe V. Wade."
The theory behind it was quite simple,
Unwanted children, have been shown to be at high risk for crime.
With legalized abortion, fewer unwanted children were born.
Therefore, the theory would be that there'd be less crime in 15-20 years later.
When those quahogs reach their peak crime ages
And the data support that hypothesis,quite strongly.
If you follow the data,
there were 5 states that legalized abortions, 3 years before "Roe Vs. Wade"
and about 15 years later, their crimes begins to fall,
3 years before the rest of the country.
Then if you look at states where abortion was not just legal,
but is available to people who wanna get them ...
... 16, 17 years after "Roe Vs. Wade"
you see a 30% difference
between the states doing a lot of abortions and ones that are doing very few.
Finally, all of the effect we see in a in a diverse in crime,
all of that is concentrated among people under the age of 25.
People young enough to have been exposed to legalized abortion.
People older than 25,
here's no difference whatsoever
between the high abortion state and the low abortion states.
And I think in some way that's the best evidence we have,
that legalized abortions is responsible for a big chunk of the decline in crime.
Levitt's controversal theory has provoked strong reactions among critics.
Is he, for example, avocating abortions as a crime fighting tool.
In no way, would I take this as advocacy in favor of legalized abortion.
I don't think anyone's opinion about whether abortion should be legal or not
should be affected by our result.
Some of Levitt's critics suggested that
his theory holds what might have been classed a racial implications.
He argues though that raising class has nothing to do with the matter.
That his theory targets no specific group,
other than mothers-to-bes of all backgrounds.
And since, as Levitt points out, women who're led to abort
go on to become child bearers consistent with the general populations.
Levitt's argument could thus be undertood to suggest that
legalized abortion does not so much prevent birth,
as delay it.
This turns an unwanted birth by a too young mother, for example
into a wanted birth by that mother when she feels more ready.
So, if Levitt is not advocating abortion as a crime fighting tool,
what is he advocating?
Well, whether one is pro-life, pro-choice or somewhere in between
there's a meaningful and today unpeached connection
between giving women the right to choose
and the reduction in crime.
We started offin a normal interview post
and now you're lying down, swinging a pillow aaround
What ... What's going on here?
If I give you a slice of juicy fruit, will you say whatever I want
No
No?!
Wait, I heard that you'll do anything for a slice of juicy fruit
No matter how smart you are,
and I kind of think they're pretty smart,
you come up with some incentive scheme that you think is a perfect one
to enties the behavior you have in mind.
And you send an army of people with nothing to do all day
but to figure out how to beat this incentive scheme
-and absolutely it'll be beaten -Well, tell me about ...
... about Amdanda
This is a long story
I'll give you an example, so
We were trying to potty train Amanda
and my wife went books and did all the things you're told to do
Amanda had been potty trained
and she just decided she wouldn't use the toilet ... anymore.
And this went on for months, my wife was frusttrated.
And I said, I'm an economist, I understand I'll take over.
And I got right down on Amanda's level on my knees and I knew what ...
she likes more than anything else, she's about 3 years old, were MMs.
And I said,"If you go pee pee in the potty, I'll give you a bag of MMs."
she said,"Right now?", I said "Yeah".
said,"Ok"; and she hopped on the potty went, went to the bathroom
I turned to my wife and said,"Let the economist handle it, you know."
And indeed, for the next couple of days, it worked to perfection.
And everytime she has to go bathroom, she announced it.
She went to the bathroom, we gave her the MMs.
Everything had gone great.
But 3 days later, she said "I have to go to the bathroom"
She went and took a lot of few drops, I gave her the MMs
She got off, she said "I have to go again"
She sat down the potty,
taking a few more drops, I gave her the MMs.
"Got to go again"
Basically, in 3 days she's gone from someone with no blatter control
to a pro that she can complete control the flow at a whimp
And had a 3 year old had basically come up with
a way to beat the incentive scheme I had developed ...
... within 3 days. In a million years I would never have imagined.
If an economist can't trick a 3 year old for more than 3 days,
What hope does an economist have tricking the whole country for even 3 hours?
So, that's kind of the beauty of incentives
You don't really know what works and government think
they know what works and they spend a huge amount of resources
establishing incentives
and they gonna do all these things seem to make lots of sense
it sounds really great and may work out well in some measure
But they're gonna backfire in so many different ways
That we can't predict yet.
And people will claugh and people will cry. And that's what incentives are.
CAN A 9TH GRADER BE BRIBED TO SUCCEED?
ITE103
What you guys putting in this?
Get it right over there, you wanna do it right now.
Right now you stupid ass.
Clear!
It's going
That was nothing
Make another one.
I know I can do good in school but I don't
I have a reputation of bad child
Parents are way too uptight in kids' business, like ...
Where you gonna go? What you doing? When are you coming home?
It maybe like "Hey you have homework?" and I'll say "No"
or "I forget my books, I'll do it in the morning."
-That works? -Ah huh
Gets them off my dick
What's up?
Hopefully, I'll mkae it to highschool if I fail
I guess I'll try to get a GED through the millitary or something
I have no clue
ITE104
In the modern economy, not graduating from highschool,
is like an economic death sentence.
When you talking about highschool kids,
what matters to them is what happens today,
a month from now or 6 months from now.
You have a very forward looking mindset
I think ... most kids are dull
In designing incentives to help kids get through school,
we've got to have that conundrum in mind
The idea was for the University of Chicago to see if
students could increase their test scores
simply by giving them a financial ... incentive.
If it works for 1 student, then it's good enough for me because
we have no stake in it financially.
The University of Chicago is picking up the tab.
Why wouldn't we at least try it?
I'm thinking, it's going to work.
Opportunity - you'll always miss 100% of the shots you don't take.
And, that's my message to the students.
I don't need to put my degrees up on the wall,
I already have those.
I want them to get those.
How has it been starting a new school?
It's actually not that bad, I like it here
-Yea? -It's really easy -Oh the classes are really easy? -Oh, yea
Let's see, pull out your report card and see how you're doing right now.
-So, we can see your grades -Yea, not that good
Alright, so what do you need to improve on?
Everything
Ok, but you know I'm seeing grades go up a lot so ...
... so you'd probaly wanna know what to get right, if you ...
do meet the monthly achievement standards?!
-Sure -Ok, so open up your folder
Fifty bucks?
Yea, you get the $50 every month as long as you keep your grades up
Alright
I think a lot of people here are gonna do their homeworks then
-Yea, what about you, why you? -$50 can buy a lot ...ah
-It can buy -You know, it can pay for my skateboards
So then I could get sponsored, get free clothse and stuffs.
Till I graduate
-How's school today, ok? -Amazing -Good
Kevin came home from school and says, "Mom ..."
" ... if I do really good, I can get paid for it."
Mom, I could really make money.
I'm like, "Fine, Kevin, go for it."
I said, "And I'll tell you what, you keep your grades up ..."
"you're gonna get the money, .... mom will double it."
Whatever they give you, mom will match it.
-Alright -Then you'll have double the money.
-If the grades go up -Right
A little bit of bribery? What parent doesn't do that?!
We all bribed our kids one way or another
-One, two, three, four,five -Bribery works for my kids
They love to be bribed
-Eight, nine, ten
For 50 cents, I can buy whatever I want in my household
Oh I forgot this dollar
The closest thing to figurig out habbits is that incentives matter
Not just financial incentives but social incentives and moral incentives.
Our goal was to figure out:
Can we cheaply and quickly move the needle at a school?
Can we get kids to achieve more as quickly as possible
with spending very little money.
There are 900 freshmen in our experiment,
At the end of every month, we hold a payout event
where all kids who got all Cs or above receive $50 in cash.
In addition, those who quality are also elegible for lottery,
where they can win $500.
To win the money,
They have to have no more than 1 unexcused absence
No all day suspensions
And all your grades at the end of the month have to be a C or higher
It's great to give them this financial reward,
but it's also about having a lot of fanfair around it
Giving them this big checque, sending them home in a Hummer limo.
You think, there's definitely a limo effect.
That is so cool
Are you serious?! They got to ride in it?!
Aw, that is so awsome!
Oh My God! This is awsome!
Oh yes, yes, you're getting straight As from me.
Yes!
There's lot of things I'd do for money I mean
I work all year round
Hi, I'm a representative of ....
we charge $3 for a walkway and $5 for a driveway
would you like to hire us for our services today?
Hook, line, and sinker
They say money doesn't buy happiness,
and I agree but I disagree.
Depends how you look at it,
Because when they say money cannot buy happiness,
they're saying materials things cannot make a person happy.
Wanna bet?
Okay, BPL083, unfortunate that person did not meet the standards this month
we cannot give them the money.
You know what you need to do next month, right?
-Yea -So you think you'll be meeting the standards next month? -Oh yea
-Alright -I took a look into the limo thing and I was like ...
Oh, you've seen the limosine outside?
It was awsome!
The lights, the way it was layed out ...
Take us home, Jekins ... it's gonna be so cool!
These are my halls! These are my halls!
Cuz I'm a King that's my last name.
The King~
-5 or 7 of prime, so that's ... -Write it!
-Show your work
-5, you can't break down 5 because it is a prime number
Show your work ... I need you to ... do
-I'm gonna do 7 through 12 -No, I said 1 through 6
You don't get to pick
It's really important for me for him to finish school,
because I didn't.
He's very intelligent, he needs to focus.
They got to find something to get these kids
into going to school and get their grades up.
Hello?
Hi, my name is Eliah, I'm calling on behalf of the Chicago High School
Is Guela Lupaia available?
Is Hector available?
Is Mark available?
This is a message for Jessica Richardson,
wanted to congratulate her on meeting the monthly achievement this month
so she's eligible to win $500
And also, just let you know to have her keep an eye on her math and biology grades
cuz they're on a C right now.
Hi, this is Sally Sladoth from the University of Chicago,
Is Kevin Muncy there?
Hi this is Kevin
Hi Kevin, I'm looking at your grades,
and it looks like you need to bring some of them up,
are you doing something to work on bringing up your grades?
I'm not gonna lie, I haven't done every assignment, so far
So are you going to your teachers and
ask if you can make up the missing assignments?
Ah yeah, they're actually making a list for me right now.
-That's great, so you gonna try to make those up -Yea
Cuz the thing is if you can trun in missing assignments,
you can bring up the grade a lot.
because you go from having no credit for the assignment,
to getting some credit or even a lot of credit
-that'll make your grades bounce up a lot. -Yea
-So, you going to get the $50 for this month?
-Are you gonna be doing your best? -Yea
Alright, that's what I like to hear
-Alright, take care, have a good day. -Alright, you too, bye. -Bye
Huh, what? what? what? what?
Go duct tape him.
Little drawing over here, chromosomal #21, down syndrome are clear
So, if you have normal splitting,
this is what happens, we're making sperm here ....
-Mr. Garshorn, can you Tyler come help me? -Sure
You just wanna copy Lindsey's?
No, just tell her to come back here.
Lindsey
Do you have that?
Congratulations, you met the standards
Congratulations, you get the $50 this month.
-Unfortunately, you didn't meet the standards this month -Great
It's just on the grey category, you need to bring up these ...
grades to ... to be passing
So, let's take a look here ... Algebra you're passing that's good
So, what's going on in Biology and World History?
Are you missing assignments?
His history teacher said he should be in his honor class
but the simple fact that he's not doing the work, that's why he's not there.
Have to do the work.
The trouble between me and my mom is mostly about homework.
Because, the way it is with her she's always "When I was in school, ... "
... we have homework everyday."
And I'm trying to get her to understand it's 21st century.
That was then and it is now.
Teachers are now more lenient, and no offence, care less ...
Ok, so what do we have?
I think the results are great this month,
where you see the control at 28,
then all the treatment at 36-38
So, that seems great to me, you know ...
When you go from 28-37,
-Right -I mean you're talking about ...
... close to a 30% increase right?
So, seems like we are taking all the D kids to C
-and we're not doing anything for the E kids -Right
The question is the kids moved from D to C this year,
are they gonna have a better life?
-Right -I don't think we've the answer to that, overtime we'll find out ...
But I've definitely been surprised by how important ...
... how well the parents groups are doing that ...
... parents still make a difference in 9th grades it looks like.
Mom, I took a quiz on this book
the Maken TerryBerry book, I took a quiz on that
Did you read the book?
I read the book
Did you?
I read the book, I read the book, I read the book but I ...
-Did you READ the book? -Yes!
Cuz we have to search and read to find the answers
we have to read the book to find the answers
So, stop
Did you read the book or you just skim over the book?
... to find the answer to the question that you were looking for?
Because, there's a difference
We read it as a class, but when we took the test ...
he gives out the page and we have to look for the answers.
Did you read the book without the class?
Did you read the book from cover to cover?
-Not from cover to cover -So, you didn't read the book
-We have ... -You didn't read the book!
-We didn't ... -You didn't read the book
You didn't read the book from cover to cover,
outside of class, with no help, no instructions from your teacher
along with your classmate, you didn't read the book
that's why you failed the test.
Look, I made a tattoo gun out of toothbrush
and I was giving myself a tattoo in class
-You have a tattoo? -I'm giving it to myself
I only did like a little bit
I got to do it a lot better
I can't let them see cuz I'll get into trouble, but ...
I made it out of toothbrush, and then just turn it on
I made it out of guitar string
I don't think I'll take money for giving up my social life
I wanna be the class clown
I'm doing better cuz I went up 6% to ... almost a D
He always likes to be the class clown,
always likes get the laughing; impressing everybody around him
That could be his incentive
But you'd think that ...
to impress everybody around you, your grade will be with that too.
He's got something in the mail that showed the list of all his grades
E,E,E,E,E ...
and I said, oh he's enjoying 9th grade he's doing it again, so ...
Now what I need to do, is ...
... whenever he asks me for money now, he's not gonna get it.
End of story.
Yea. when the skateboard running out of wheels or getting bad ...
Well then, just grinding them down, or hit the books or soemthing
Urail, what does it mean to say a genotype is homozygous
-When all the "aline" are the same -When all of the Alios are the same
This is my last chance to win $500
I'm at the line, I'm splitting ... splitting a hair.
My brain's been going up and down. There's always something that'd distract me.
You know what I mean?!
What's distracting me was ... trying to be cool ...
... trying to keep up with the Johnsons basically.
ITE103
Congratulations, you made the standard achivement for the last month.
So, here's your report card and the bracelet.
Here's the front and here's the back.
Congratulations
Great grades.
If I fail, I'm done, I'm dropping out.
Army, marines, coast guard, go to Iraq or something like that. I've no clue.
-Urail King -Yes!
Take us home, Jekins
What are the final results are like?
Our program is getting 35-50% more students to pass 9th grade.
5-7% boost in 9th grade passing rates.
We sure expect a lot higher rates than that.
We hope for a lot higher rates than that.
If we give them $50k ... to pass the 9th grade ...
what share do you think would pass?
Would we move 10% of the kids? 20% of the kids?
All of them?
I don't know
I think we need to, attack the problem at a ... much younger age ...
the dollar will be better spent during the earlier years
So what are we going to do next year?
What about preschool, did they find a preschool yet?
Yea, we've got a few perschools lined up and they seem excited.
So, we're talking about preschoolers ...
are we talking about taking parenting out of the hands of parents?
Or teaching the parents how to parent? Or both?
It's a little bit of both.
That could be fun.
The way I see it, learning is like a virus.
a virus that most adolesents don't want to catch ...
... until later on in life.
Next year, I'm gonna be a sophomore.
I'm gonna tell you, I'm doing great and I'm getting As and Bs.
Next year when I'm gonna be a sophomore.
If not As and Bs then straight Bs ... or Bs and Cs.
Hey, that's difficult, that's not as easy as it looks.
I can promise you milk and cookies, but if ...
... the oven is broken then you just gonna get milk.
ITE104
Our incentives, unlike everyone else's, are to be honest ...
If we build our reputation on, we're honest about this issue, and other issues ....
... then people will believe us about everything.
The worst thing we could do, the only way we can ruin our reputation ...
... is by starting to take sides and fights.
This peculiar beast, which actually has the right incentives, you just seek the truth.
And not have an agenda.
So, I don't think, anything we've ever written or thought is gonna save ...
any lives really, or ... make people better or smarter anyway. But ...
... we kind of give people permission to challenge conventional wisdom sometimes ...
And ask a different kind of questions entirely ...
and a lot of times the sort of questions you ask his children,
and ah, people kind of chuckle at you.
But once in a while, they turn out to be rather good.
The problem is, as you get older, you ask them as adults in a meeting or friends,
they'll laugh at you hard and you stop entirely.
And we just kind of keep doing it.
We kind of say, what if this thing everybody think is so really isn't.
What if that didn't cause this, what if this cause it?
I think that's just need to be a lot more permission for people to think like that
Total bs, was't it?
-=End of movie=-