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我们发现了恐龙生存的黄金时代 We're living through THE golden age of dinosaur discoveries.
在世界各地,一系列全新的恐龙陆续被发掘 From all over the world,a whole new generation of dinosaurs has been revealed...
从庞然巨物和最致命的猎者... from the biggest giants and the deadliest killers
到怪诞惊奇的 to the weird and wonderful.
禁止转载HDC！！！
从北极到非洲 From the Arctic to Africa.
从南美到亚洲 From South America to Asia.
一种最非凡的化石... With the most extraordinary fossils...
保存最完美的恐龙胚胎 from dinosaur embryos to the exquisitely preserved.
利用最新的成像技术 And using the latest imaging technology,
尖端科技让我们更深入的进行研究 cutting-edge research has allowed us to probe deeper
并揭开了更多的谜题 and reveal more than ever before.
也首次为我们敞开了关于这些惊人动物的全球性视角 It gives us our first truly global view of these incredible animals.
BBC 恐龙星球
第1季第2集 长羽毛的恐龙
这一集中,我们将展示新发现的,怪异的 In this episode we look at the new, bizarre
非凡且长有羽毛的恐龙 and extraordinary feathered dinosaurs,
其中有些是不久前才发现的 many of which have only just been discovered.
有些恐龙征服了新的领域 Some conquered new worlds.
有些却长得很大 Others grew to gigantic sizes.
随着我们对这些长着羽毛的怪兽有了更多的了解 As we learn more about the evolution of these feathered beasts,
我们意识到牠们对地球上的生命起到革命性的作用 they're revolutionising our understanding of life on Earth,
让恐龙与鸟类之间的界限变得模糊 blurring the boundaries between dinosaurs and birds.
一个世纪以来,在北美和欧洲发现了 For over a century, the great dinosaur discoveries
一些至关重要的恐龙 came from North America and Europe,
但在过去的10年中,研究重心有所转移 but in the last decade or so,the focus shifted.
新的恐龙革命在一个国家的中心地带掀起 One country now sits at the centre of the new dinosaur revolution -
那就是中国 China.
近年来,在这里挖掘出许多令人惊叹的化石 In recent years, spectacular fossils have been uncovered here.
这些化石惊人的保存着更为精准的新细节 Amazingly preserved, these fossils revealed exquisite new details.
它们让我们得以一窥这个难以置信的陌生世界 And they are giving us incredible glimpses into an alien world,
一个我们所见过的最离奇的恐龙世界 a world full of the most bizarre dinosaurs we have ever seen.
这些怪异的家伙可能都生活在一亿五千四百万年前 Possibly the strangest of all lived 154 million years ago,
那时正值侏罗纪晚期 in the late Jurassic period.
地球上看起来貌似没有别的动物 An animal that looks like nothing else on earth.
只有隐蔽在浓密丛林的耀龙 Hiding in these lush forests is Epidexipteryx.
一种鸽子大小的动物,其身上的一切都很古怪 The size of a pigeon, everything about this creature is odd,
从牠武器的长度到牙齿的形状 from the length of its arms to the shape of its teeth.
森林中到处是掠食动物 This forest is home to many predators
这么小得体型很容易遭到攻击 and being small makes it vulnerable.
这是中华盗龙 This is Sinraptor.
7米长的成年中华盗龙 A small dinosaur like Epidexipteryx
对像耀龙这样的小型恐龙毫无兴趣 would be of no interest to a seven-metre adult.
但这是一只幼龙 But this is a juvenile,
耀龙于牠是大小合适的点心 and Epidexipteryx is a perfect-sized snack.
体型小也确是有利条件 Being small does have its advantages,
那是因为牠可以逃到安全的树上 because it can escape to the safety of the trees.
我们对耀龙的了解 Everything we know about Epidexipteryx
均来自2008年首次挖掘到一块不可思议的化石 comes from an incredible fossil,first revealed in 2008.
它展露出这种动物的小颅骨和大眼眶 It showed an animal with a small skull and large eye sockets,
还有异乎寻常的长牙 and unusually long teeth.
脚趾适于抓住树枝 With toes suited to gripping branches
还有很长的手臂和前爪 and very long arms and hands,
这些都说明牠是很适合在树上生活的恐龙 it suggests that this was a dinosaur well suited to living in the trees.
其非凡的,加长的第三根手指 The extraordinary,elongated third finger
是这种恐龙最显著的特征 is another distinctive feature of the group.
耀龙有了这个和牠突出的门牙 With this and its projecting front teeth, Epidexipteryx
便有完美的工具来搜寻树木中的虫子 has the perfect tools to hunt for insects among the trees.
牠最喜欢的食物之一 And one of its favourite foods
就是挖掘躲藏在树干里面的甲虫 are burrowing beetle grubs that are hiding within the trees themselves.
像这种很难捕捉的猎物,是非常可口的奖励 Prey like this, which is difficult to catch, is quite a prize -
而奖品也会招来不必要的麻烦 a prize that can attract unwanted attention.
另一只比牠大些的耀龙 Here it's another, larger,Epidexipteryx.
偷食是家常便饭 Stealing food is a common tactic,
尤其是其中一只动物学会这一专长时 particularly where an animal possesses an expertise.
也首次拿这种非凡动物的眼睛做了对比 There is more to this extraordinary creature than first meets the eye.
其不仅是在树上生活的完美设计 Not only was it perfectly designed for life in the trees,
而且化石也显示 but the fossil has also revealed
在其上面还覆盖着一层短短的绒毛 that it was covered in short,simple feathers.
羽毛可能只是保持身体温度的原因之一 Feathers that were likely to have evolved for just one reason -to keep it warm.
但牠最后一个显著的特征 But there is one last striking feature -
是尾巴上的4根长羽毛 four long feathers on its tail.
这些羽毛与现代鸟类的羽毛完全不同 These feathers aren't like those of modern birds.
就像长长的缎带一般 These are long and ribbon-like.
可以肯定的是,此只作展耀只用 Almost certainly, only for show.
牠们是最早的用羽毛做装饰的动物 They're the earliest record of ornamental feathers.
其不仅是吸引异性 Not just for attraction
也是给对手的警告 but also to threaten.
事实上,耀龙名字的意思是"炫耀的羽毛" In fact, the very name Epidexipteryx means "display feather",
牠们是似鸟龙家族中的一种 and they're among the most bird-like of any dinosaur.
偷窃树上是一回事 Stealing among the trees is one thing.
偷窃树下的则是另一回事了 Stealing on the ground is quite another.
对于中华盗龙这样的大型食肉动物 Only among the trees can you be safe
只有待在树上才是安全的 from the large predators like Sinraptor.
在地面上,羽毛起不到任何保护的作用 On the ground, a few feathers offer no protection.
1996年发现了第一只长羽毛的恐龙 The first feathered dinosaur was discovered in 1996
但更多的有相继被发现 but lots more would quickly follow.
貌似诸多长羽毛的恐龙化石突然间被发掘 It suddenly appeared as if many dinosaur species actually had feathers.
并证实了一直怀疑的事情 And confirmed what had long been suspected -
那就是恐龙与鸟类有直接关系 a direct link between dinosaurs and birds.
一个可以证实这些恐龙生活在 A link that can be found in the dinosaurs that
8500万年前蒙古沙漠的重要因素 lived here in the Mongolian desert 85 million years ago.
这是蜥鸟龙 This is Saurornithoides.
牠是伤齿龙家族的一员,我们发现 It's a member of the Troodon family and we have discovered
事实上这些是这种恐龙坐在巢里的化石 actual fossils of these dinosaurs sitting on a nest.
牠需要数天的时间产卵 It takes days to lay a full clutch of eggs
一直到产完 and until that's complete,
这种动物不会将蛋孵化 this animal won't begin its brooding behaviour
但最初牠还是在旁边的 and start sitting on the next.
蜥鸟龙外出觅食时 With the Saurornithoides off foraging,
毫无防卫的巢会招来掠食动物 this unguarded nest provides an invitation for predators.
这是一只窃蛋龙,一种看来像兽脚类恐龙的怪异恐龙 This is an Oviraptorid - a bizarre-looking theropod dinosaur.
由于没有牙齿,牠们主要是吃植物 With no teeth,they were mostly plant eaters.
但这并不意味着牠们不会乘虚而入 But that doesn't mean it won't take advantage
去品尝另类的午餐 of a different kind of lunch.
我们认为窃蛋龙以吃草为主 We know Oviraptorids were mostly plant eaters
是因为我们发现了一些惊人的证据 because of some amazing evidence we have found.
尤其是一块保存得极度完美的化石 One fossil in particular was incredibly well preserved.
牠身体里面的小石头--胃石 Inside its body were small stones - gastroliths.
像鸟类一样 Just like a bird,
窃蛋龙也吞下一些石头帮助消化较为坚韧的植物 it had swallowed these to help digest tough plants.
但当两个毫不相干的胚胎残留物 But when the remains of two unrelated embryos
在窃蛋龙的巢中被发现 were discovered in an Oviraptorid nest,
它显示有些窃蛋龙不仅仅只是吃植物 it suggested that some were not just plant eaters
但也可能是巢遭到了洗劫 but may have been nest-raiders as well.
鉴于两块连在一起的上颚骨的构造 With two bony projections in its upper jaw,
窃蛋龙可利用这一工具将蛋敲碎 this Oviraptorid has the tools to break into an egg
并摄食里面营养丰富的物质 and get at the precious contents inside.
这意味着像蜥鸟龙一样的筑巢动物 It means that a nesting animal like a Saurornithoides
绝不会长时间的守护者巢穴 can never turn its attention away for long.
但问题是牠至少损失了两枚蛋 But two lost eggs are the least of its problems.
在这里,还有一些更大的巢穴入侵者 Here, some nest raiders are bigger than others.
这就是巨盗龙 This is Gigantoraptor.
巨盗龙是2007年在蒙古戈壁沙漠发现的 Gigantoraptor was discovered in 2007 in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia.
其骨骼很大 The sheer size of the bones
也不同于之前发现的任何一种 revealed it was unlike anything found before -
牠有8米长,重约1.5吨 eight metres long and weighing around 1.5 tonnes.
通过这些骨骼,我们了解到 From its bones, we know
巨盗龙比其近亲窃蛋龙大35倍 it was 35 times bigger than its closest Oviraptorid relatives.
而这个庞然大物甚至还没成年 And yet this giant wasn't even fully grown.
这好比"像是发现了老鼠般大小的奶牛" it was "like finding a mouse the size of a cow".
我们无法确切的了解 We don't know for sure
像巨盗龙这样庞大的恐龙 if such a huge dinosaur like Gigantoraptor
是否有或需要羽毛 would have or need feathers.
恐龙中,羽毛通常只作为覆盖身体的一种途径 In dinosaurs, feathers are usually found as a fine body covering
也可能只是用于御寒 and appear to be mainly for keeping warm.
但被发现的保存完好的羽毛恐龙化石 But feathers were found,and preserved on a fossil
是巨盗龙的近亲之一 of one of Gigantoraptor's close relatives.
而前臂和尾巴明显的痕迹显示 And on the forearms and tail are the unmistakeable traces
这些较为对称的羽毛,与现今的鸟类极为相似 of longer symmetrical feathers,similar to a modern bird's.
它似乎可以肯定巨盗龙是有羽毛的 It seems certain that Gigantoraptor too was feathered,
也使得巨盗龙成为迄今发现最大的长羽毛的恐龙 making this the largest feathered animal ever discovered.
羽毛不是用来飞行的，而巨盗龙也不会飞 These aren't for flight -Gigantoraptor couldn't fly.
而且也不是用来绝缘的 Nor are they for insulation.
这些都是用来威吓对手或吸引异性的 These are used to intimidate or attract.
在全球,一个接着一个的发现 Across the world,discovery after discovery
显示出越来越多的特征 has revealed more and more features -
从筑巢恐龙到带羽恐龙,其一度被认为 from nesting to feathers -that were once thought of
是似鸟龙的专利,但现在发现其他恐龙也有类似特征 as exclusively bird-like but have now also been found in dinosaurs.
但最终发现这种恐龙可能 But the ultimate discovery is perhaps that of a dinosaur
生活在一亿两千万年前的中国东北地区 that lived in Northeast China around 120 million years ago.
在这个偏远地区展示出 This remote area has revealed
这些壮观化石的详细记录 spectacular fossils in exquisite detail,
挖掘出的动物多样性惊人 unearthing an astonishing diversity of animals,
有许多已完美的适应了树上的生活 many of which are well adapted to living in trees.
一种特殊恐龙的发现把科研推向了一个全新的高度 One particular dinosaur discovery takes this to a whole new level.
这就是翔龙 This is Xianglong.
牠有弯曲的爪子,是一种非常适合爬树的蜥蜴 With curved claws, it's a lizard well suited to climbing trees.
有这样的猎物,掠食动物必须得谨慎跟踪 With prey like this,predators were sure to follow.
森林中最常见的恐龙 The most common dinosaur in these forests
不是生活在地面上 doesn't live on the ground.
牠是小盗龙 Microraptor.
小盗龙化石保存很完整 The fossils of Microraptor are so well preserved
它们清楚的展露出骸骨的每处细节 they clearly reveal every detail of its anatomy.
最显目的是第一根脚趾 With distinctive claws on its first toe,
牠是迅猛龙族群的一员 this is a member of the raptor family.
但这些爪子演化成攀爬之用,而非杀戮 But these claws evolved for climbing, rather than killing.
其不到一米的体长 At less than a metre long,
使其成为非常适合树上生活的恐龙 this was a dinosaur perfectly suited to live in the trees.
小盗龙体型较小,且完美的适应了追逐猎物 Microraptor is small, and perfectly adapted to chasing prey.
但不管怎样,翔龙有其救命绝招 Xianglong, however, has a trick.
这是一只会飞的蜥蜴 This is a flying lizard.
牠拥有近乎完美的逃生技能 It seems to have the perfect skill to escape.
但小盗龙化石也展露出其他的东西 But the fossils of Microraptor reveal something else.
这是一只长羽毛的恐龙 This was a feathered dinosaur,
但这些羽毛不是用来御寒或展耀的 but these feathers aren't for keeping warm or for show.
它们的结构在化石中显而易见 Their structure is plainly visible from the fossils.
其羽毛很长且纹路清晰,而更重要的是 They are very long, veined and most importantly,
它们的构造形成了一个完美的空气力学平台 their shape creates a perfect aerodynamic surface.
而且它们并不只局限于前臂 And they aren't confined to its forearms.
牠的腿上也有长的羽毛 Its legs, too, had long feathers.
这些羽毛的构造只为一件事,那就是飞翔 These feathers are designed for one thing only - flight.
小盗龙是一种能在空中飞行的 Microraptor is a four-winged dinosaur...
四翼恐龙 that took to the skies.
但在这些中国的森林里 But in these Chinese forests,
小盗龙不是唯一的飞行怪兽 Microraptor isn't the only flying monster.
中华鸟龙是牠的近亲,且体型更大些 Sinornithosaurus. Closely related and larger.
其能力远在偷猎者之上 More than capable of stealing prey.
而且还有猎捕更大猎物的智慧 But it has larger prey in mind.
小盗龙现在变成了猎物 Microraptor is now the hunted.
双飞都能飞 Both can fly.
但这还不是动力飞行,而是滑翔 But this isn't powered flight -it's gliding.
最近的研究揭示了小盗龙的飞行模式 Recent research has revealed how Microraptor flew.
牠没有供动力飞行的肌肉 It didn't have the muscles for powered flight,
因此牠必须充分利用4只翅膀 so instead it made the most of its four wings.
其翅膀分布在后腿背面及两侧 By holding its rear legs back and to the sides,
使其成为一个非常高效的滑翔机 it was able to become an incredibly efficient glider...
通过一系列长长的滑翔穿过森林 ..moving through the forest in a series of long, looping glides.
在其前臂和腿上也有用于飞行的长毛 Having longer flight feathers on both its arms and legs,
小盗龙是目前较为突出的滑翔者 Microraptor is by far the better glider.
但牠没有能力飞得更高,唯有中途停下 But with no ability to gain height,the only way is down.
一旦落地,这些长羽毛 And once on the ground, the long feathers
就从优势变成了弱点 turn from an advantage into weakness.
小盗龙勉强可以步行,几乎不能跑 Microraptor is barely able to walk, much less run.
中华鸟龙就无此问题 Sinornithosaurus has no such problem.
在森林的地面,牠来去自如 On the forest floor,the tables are turned.
小盗龙侥幸逃生 Microraptor has a fortunate escape.
中华鸟龙是首批发现的带羽恐龙之一 Sinornithosaurus was one of the first feathered dinosaurs found.
其化石保存很完美 The fossils are so perfectly preserved
它们帮助我们揭开了 they have helped us solve
一个重要的恐龙之谜 one of the great dinosaur mysteries.
多年来,恐龙的颜色 For years, the colour of dinosaurs
被认为是无法破解的谜题 was thought impossible to work out.
2010年,发现了一块其中有羽毛的化石 In 2010, it was discovered that the feathers on this fossil
且不仅仅只是痕迹 weren't just impressions.
显微镜下,展露出与现代鸟类 Under the microscope,tiny structures were revealed
相同的微小结构 identical to those found in modern birds -
其中也包含有色素 structures that contain the pigment.
值得注意的是,把牠们与现生的鸟类最比较 Remarkably,by comparing them to living birds,
我们甚至能还原其颜色 we can even work out the true colours.
其羽毛颜色呈棕红色 The feathers appear to be a combination of reddish-browns,
黄色,灰色和黑色的组合 yellows, greys and blacks,
非常适合森林的生活 perfectly suited to forest life.
热河龙是生活在这片森林的另一种恐龙 Another dinosaur living in this forest is Jeholosaurus,
一种小型植食恐龙 a small plant eater.
新发现的化石表明这种恐龙 Recent fossils indicate that this type of dinosaur
会照顾和保护幼龙 looks after and protects its young.
一身的羽毛使其与森林融为一体 With feathers that allow it to blend in with the forest,
中华鸟龙能悄悄的跑到树梢而不被发现 Sinornithosaurus can move, unseen,through the tree tops.
中华鸟龙是一个有强力秘密武器的猎人 And Sinornithosaurus is a hunter with a potent secret weapon.
2011年,一项对这种动物眼睛的研究表明 In 2011, a study of the eyes of this creature revealed
牠们可能是拥有在白天和夜晚狩猎 that it was a predator perfectly capable
都同样完美的猎者 of hunting equally during day and night.
2009年,对其牙齿的研究 And a study of its teeth, in 2009,
表明其某些东西绝对与鸟类异曲同工 showed something that definitely sets it apart from birds.
有一些就更为致命 Something far more deadly.
最大的威胁是不要孤立无援 The greatest danger is not simply being outnumbered.
我们发现中华鸟龙的牙齿 We have found that Sinornithosaurus teeth
其边上有一段非比寻常的沟槽 have unusual and distinctive grooves along their length.
牠们类似于吉拉毒蜥 They resembled those of the venomous Gila monster,
其牙齿的凹槽用于将毒液注入受害者体内 the grooves in its teeth used to deliver venom into its victim.
该团队甚至在化石上辨识出了 The team even identified what they thought was the location
毒腺所在的位置 of the venom sac in the fossil.
这表明中华鸟龙能用毒捕猎 It appeared Sinornithosaurus could kill with poison.
这是一种超出想象的更为致命的掠食动物 This is a far more deadly predator than anyone ever imagined...
并使这个失落的怪诞世界的特别场景更为圆满 and completes an extraordinary picture of a bizarre lost world.
所有的发现表明羽毛对整个 All of these discoveries reveal the importance of feathers
恐龙族群的重要性 to a whole host of dinosaurs -
从绝缘到防御,最后变为飞翔 from insulation to defence and finally, flight.
小盗龙不仅为飞翔的演化提供了线索 And Microraptor not only hints at how flight developed,
而且还证实如今在我们的周围依然有恐龙存在 but also, that dinosaurs still live amongst us today,
那就是鸟类 as birds.
禁止转载HDC！！！
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