我们发现了恐龙生存的黄金时代 We are living through the golden age of dinosaur discoveries.
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在世界各地 一系列全新的恐龙陆续被发掘 From all over the world, a whole new generation of dinosaurs has been revealed.
从庞然巨物和最致命的猎者 From the biggest giants and the deadliest killers,
到怪诞惊奇的 to the weird and wonderful.
从北极到非洲 From the Arctic, to Africa.
从南美洲到亚洲 From South America, to Asia.
首次使用最近发现的证据 Using the latest evidence, for the first time
我们用全球的角度来审视这些非凡的生物 we have a truly global view of these incredible animals.
恐龙星球
伟大的生存者
在本集中 我们将探索恐龙特殊的生存能力 In this episode, we explore the dinosaur's extraordinary ability to survive.
并亲眼目睹他们如何在数亿年后变形为 And witness how they have transformed over millions of years
世界上曾出现并最具外星地貌的动物 into some of the most alien-looking animals the world has ever seen.
他们拥有如此惊人的能力 This astonishing capacity to evolve
进化成不同和奇异的种类 into ever more diverse and bizarre forms
这意味着不仅能帮助他们在世界传播 meant that it helped them not only spread throughout the world,
还能有临据之上的控制生命 but also dominate life upon it.
恐龙在地球上生活了一百六十万余年 Dinosaurs lived for on Earth for more than 160 million years,
绝大多数遍布在侏罗纪时期 most famously throughout the Jurassic period.
在后来的白垩纪时期 体积最大的 But it was during the later Cretaceous period that the biggest,
最凶残的和最奇异的恐龙生存地 baddest and most bizarre dinosaurs lived.
白垩纪末 By the end of the Cretaceous,
恐龙在陆地各处都兴旺生存 dinosaurs were flourishing on every continent.
尽管恐龙在我们周围身边生存了一百万年 Even dinosaurs that had been around for over 100 million years,
像巨型 食草类蜥脚类动物 仍然兴旺 like the giant, plant-eating sauropods, were still thriving.
上溯到欧洲还是一大片陆地的时期 Back then, Europe was a series of large islands.
哈采格岛某个地方 On one of these, Hateg Island,
一只巨型恐龙炫耀其对陆地生活极其惊人的适应能力 a giant dinosaur showed a most surprising adjustment to island life.
此处与世隔绝 Cut off from everywhere else,
哈采格岛有着独一无二联系动物的凝聚力 Hateg Island has its own unique collection of animals.
重腿龙是这里的捕猎者之一 Bradycneme is one of the predators here.
马尔扎龙 一种食草恐龙 潜在的猎物 Magyarosaurus, a plant-eater, is the potential prey.
他们面临捕食者的危险强大威胁显得还很嫩 And it's the youngest which are in greatest danger from predators.
哈采格并不是第一个出现的岛屿 Hateg is a island where much is not as it first appears.
这是个完全颠倒的世界 This is a world turned upside down.
他们看起来像巨人 They may look like giants
但是生活在哈采格岛的马尔扎龙 but the Magyarosaurus from Hateg Island
实际上没有小型马高 actually stood no taller than a pony.
体重大约一吨 Weighing around one tonne,
他们中的部分有着和大陆亲属一样的体型 they are fraction of the size of their mainland relatives.
重至少是他们堂兄阿根廷龙七十倍 And weigh at least 70 times less than their cousin Argentinosaurus.
在哈采格岛上 On the island of Hateg,
然而没有足够的食物去支持食草巨型恐龙 there simply wasn't enough food to support a plant-eating giant.
他们生存了超过十亿年 他们渐渐适应了这里的生活 So, over many tens of thousands of years, they adapted,
创造了一个由许多恐龙是他们亲属袖珍的版本的世界 creating a world were many of the dinosaurs were pocket-size versions of their relatives.
但一些动物仍然是庞然大物 But some animals are still huge.
这是我们熟知最大的飞行有脊椎的 This is the largest flying vertebrate ever known.
有十米长的翼展龙 A pterosaur with a ten-metre wingspan.
和长颈鹿一样高 It's as tall as a giraffe,
站起来超过5.5米 standing over five-and-a-half metres.
它在2002年被发现 Discovered in 2002
其头骨单单就有三米长 its skull alone is three metres long.
这是哈特兹哥翼龙 This is Hatzegopteryx.
一个庞然大物 我们假设从天空上捕猎 A giant that we assumed hunted from the skies.
直到一系列的化石足迹被发现 That was until the discovery of a series of fossil footprints,
不像之前发现的 unlike any found before.
这些脚印是那些巨型捕食者留下的 The footprints were those of a giant pterosaur,
他们呈现的不仅仅会飞翔 and they showed that these creatures did not just fly,
而且能舒服的徒步数小时 but could comfortably walk on all fours.
这些怪物似乎只在地上捕食 It seems these monsters actually hunt on the ground.
捕猎时没有什么顾虑 哈特兹哥翼龙是顶级捕食者 Hunting with impunity, Hatzegopteryx are the top predators.
短的尖叫 SHORT SCREECH
他们尖叫着 THEY SCREECH
能从一个岛飞往另一个岛 这里是他们的王国 Able to fly from island to island, this is their kingdom.
哈采格岛是能够演变成陌生的小路 Hateg island is one example of the strange paths evolution can take.
但是遍布全世界 奇异形状的恐龙 But all over the world, bizarre-shaped dinosaurs
频繁地通过他们的长时期统治进化 continually evolved throughout their long reign.
也许它是所有恐龙当中最奇怪的 Perhaps the strangest of all dinosaurs
是一种特别不可思议的镰刀龙超科 is one particularly weird group, Therizinosaurs.
是这些罕见动物的最好榜样 And the best example of these peculiar animals
在2009年被发布 was announced in 2009.
他们的骨架透露出怪异动物的秘密 The skeleton revealed the secrets of this strange creature
他们生活在九十二万年前的新墨西哥州 that lived in New Mexico 92 million years ago.
这些沼泽是理想家园 These swamps are home to zuni-tyrannus,
中等体型的霸王龙 a mid-sized tyrannosaur.
咆哮声 GROWLING
并且他们也是怪异动物懒爪龙的理想家园 And they're also home to this weird creature, Nothronychus.
实际上他也是霸王龙的近亲 It's actually a close relative of the tyrannosaur,
却有个主要区别 but with one major difference.
懒爪龙已经放弃了吃肉 Nothronychus has given up eating meat.
在这里 霸王龙是顶级捕食者 Here, the tyrannosaur is the top predator.
咆哮声和怒吼声 GROWLING AND SNARLING
镰刀龙超科数十年来仍然是个谜 Therizinosaurs had been a mystery for decades,
由于诱人的碎片而被熟知 known only from tantalising fragments.
所有改变都是由于伪君龙的发现 That all changed with the discovery of Nothronychus.
其给了我们对这些奇怪恐龙最直观的理解 It gave us our clearest look at this strange group of dinosaurs.
依靠短小却很结实的腿直立行走 It walked upright on short, stocky legs.
臀部很宽 脖子很长 It had wide hips, and a long neck.
他的牙齿显示了这些不是杀手的牙齿 Its teeth showed that these weren't the teeth of a killer.
远远不是霸王龙的堂兄 Far from its ferocious tyrannosaur cousins,
大腹的恐龙已经进化成了完全的食草动物 this pot-bellied dinosaur had evolved into a strict vegetarian.
前臂长有邪恶细长的爪牙是他的杀手锏 But armed with viciously long claws on its forearms,
孤立无援的 手无寸铁 it was by no means defenceless.
咕噜声和咆哮声 GRUNTING AND GROWLING
由于成为一个食草动物 By becoming a plant eater,
所以他们很容易接近食物 Nothronychus has easy access to food.
因为他用两条腿走路 And because it walks on two legs,
可以使用爪去拉下树枝并够到树叶 it can use its claws to pull down branches to reach leaves.
伪君龙在这里茁壮成长 Nothronychus thrives here
因为他不能与霸王龙争夺猎物 because it doesn't compete with the tyrannosaurs for food.
咕噜声 GROWLING
但只是因为你不能和他抢食物 But just because you're not competing for food
并不意味着你看不见食物 doesn't mean you're not seen AS food.
他们处于危险之地 食物链的最底部 These are dangerous places to be at the bottom of the food chain.
不能奔跑 只能依靠残忍的杀伤力 Unable to run, Nothronychus relies on brute strength.
咆哮声和咕噜声 GROWLING AND SNARLING
霸王龙是能吃任何东西的捕食者 Tyrannosaurs are predators that will eat anything,
甚至可以吃他们的同类 无论死了还是活着 even one of their own, whether they've killed it or not.
许多食肉恐龙的在蒙古国发现 And a discovery found in Montana of a number of meat-eating dinosaurs
好像展示自己是不小题大作的食者 appeared to show that being such an unfussy eater
但戏剧性的一幕出现了 could have dramatic consequences.
似乎净化可以防御隐藏的危险 It seems scavenging can hold hidden dangers.
霸王龙不会被伪君龙杀死 This tyrannosaur wasn't killed by Nothronychus.
有个更致命杀手在这里觅食 There's a more deadly killer at work here.
所以捕食者的骨头在 All the predator's bones were found alongside
远古浑浊的河边旁发现 the edge of an ancient stagnant lake.
他们也在同一时间死亡 And all of them died at the same time.
大量的猎物与今天被发现的鸟类相似 Similar mass killings have been found today among birds.
杀手 动作迅速 自然地发生致命疾病 And the killer a fast-acting, naturally occurring deadly disease.
肉毒中毒 Botulism.
肉毒中毒由细菌腐烂的尸体发酵而成 Botulism is caused by bacteria that can thrive in rotting carcasses.
我们认为恐龙也许是无形致命杀手的受害者 We think that the dinosaurs too might have been victims of this lethal and invisible killer.
如果残骸一旦被投毒 Once a carcass is poisoned,
迅速像传球一样传给任何动物吃 it is quickly passed on to any animal that eats it.
致命的结果 With lethal results.
但像这样的食肉动物 But plant-eaters, like Nothronychus,
通常能免遭如此致命的杀手的毒手 are usually safe from such deadly killers.
由于完全改变其饮食 By completely changing its diet,
显示其特殊的适应能力 兽脚亚目食肉恐龙 Nothronychus shows the extraordinary adaptability of the group known as the theropod dinosaurs.
这些两只腿的恐龙是这些恐龙最具多样性的 These two-legged dinosaurs were the most diverse of all the dinosaur groups.
从像捕食者到马普龙 玛君龙 镰刀龙超科 From predators like Mapusaurus and Majungasaurus to the bizarre Therizinosaurs...
特殊的树生的小盗龙 the extraordinary tree-living Microraptor,
到怪异的巨盗龙 to the weird Gigantoraptor.
他们进化成一个不可思议形状和大小 They evolved into an incredible range of shapes and sizes.
兽脚亚目的恐龙是最成功的捕食者 The tyrannosaurs were the most successful of the theropod predators.
一旦霸王龙统治这个地区 And once tyrannosaurs dominated in an area,
许多其他的食肉恐龙似乎消失了 many other meat-eating dinosaurs simply disappeared.
但是已经改变了他们的饮食兴旺 But those that had changed their diets flourished.
八十五万年的年的蒙古 Mongolia, 85 millions years ago.
其中之一的恐龙在这里茁壮成长 One group of dinosaurs thrives here
尽管事实是他们活在致命霸王龙的影子中 despite the fact that they live in the shadow of a deadly tyrannosaur.
这些是伶盗龙 他们不挑食 动植物都通吃 These are Oviraptorids, omnivores that eat animals and plants,
所以他们不会和最大杀手为了食物争的你死我活 and so don't compete directly for food with the biggest of killers.
但其利益很明显 因为一些动物变的很庞大 像八米长的 And the benefits are clear, because some of these creatures become huge, like the eight-metre Gigantoraptor.
但他们有另个敲门帮他们幸存 他们的巢 But this group have another trick to help them survive, the way they nest.
在1994年的蒙古 一颗非常大的恐龙蛋在他们窝里被发现 In Mongolia in 1994, a nest of very large dinosaur eggs was discovered.
大量超过二十个恐龙蛋成对的被放在周围浅坑边缘上 An array of more than 20 eggs arranged in pairs around the edge of a shallow pit.
他们是至今发现最大的恐龙蛋 They were the biggest dinosaur eggs ever found.
当发现胚胎保存一个恐龙蛋 When an embryo was found preserved within an egg,
其证明巢 蛋和胚胎几乎是这些 巨盗龙 it proved that the nest, eggs and embryo were almost certainly those of Gigantoraptor.
但这些巢极易受攻击 But nesting makes an animal vulnerable.
独龙 Alectrosaurus.
但是一对巨盗龙 But against a pair of Gigantoraptors,
五米长的霸王龙有成功的机会 a five-metre tyrannosaur has little chance of success.
因为蒙古已经放弃其秘密 As Mongolia has given up it secrets,
我们对这些非凡的动物已了如指掌 we have learnt more and more about these extraordinary creatures.
2005年 一个特别的化石被发现含有两个恐龙蛋中已凸出雏形 正准备孵化 In 2005, one particular fossil was found to contain two eggs within its body cavity, ready to be laid.
甚至更多惊人的是许多其他的发现透露出这些恐龙的筑巢举动 Even more amazing were a number of other finds that revealed the nesting behaviour of these dinosaurs.
被发现的三只恐龙都坐在他们巢里的顶部 Three dinosaurs were discovered, all sitting on top of nests of eggs...
恐龙坐在巢的中央 其长臂交叉 the dinosaurs sitting in the centre of the nest with their long arms
伸出来只为保护他们周围的这些恐龙蛋 spread out to protect the pairs of eggs arranged around them.
这些恐龙正在孵卵 These dinosaurs were brooding.
只有照顾他们的蛋 孵化的机会越来越大 Looking after their eggs increases the chance of them hatching.
蛋越大意味着孵化越成熟 And having large eggs means the hatchling is more developed,
他们受到捕食者攻击的机会就越小 making it less vulnerable to predators.
但需要长时间孵化 巨盗龙更要达到八十天 But it takes longer to hatch - up to 80 days for Gigantoraptor.
这时当恐龙蛋孵化成功 一旁的父母正处于危险中 A time when both egg and the brooding parent are permanently at risk.
小的偷蛋龙不只讨厌 Smaller Oviraptors are no more than a nuisance.
大的捕食者来历不一般 Larger predators are a different story.
不愿意离开巢 成年的恐龙保护他的后代 Unwilling to leave the nest, the adult protects its offspring,
首先 通过藏匿 如果失败 就会被攻击 first, by hiding... and if that fails, it goes on the offensive.
保护他们的老巢 Protecting the nest
意味着很有可能存活 means Gigantoraptors' young are more likely to survive.
现在似乎天生具有养育的本能 It now seems clear that the instinct to nurture
在意巢中的恐龙蛋是否是原样 and care for a nest of eggs had its origins with the dinosaurs.
之所以成功因为这是一种习惯 It's a behaviour that was so successful,
时至今日这些鸟类仍然普遍存在 it's still widespread today with birds.
但化石告诉我们一些事 But the fossils show something else.
这些动物都死于他们坐在巢上的那一刻 These animals all died sitting on their nests.
似乎威胁并不总是来自捕食者 It seems that the threats don't always come from predators.
有时真正的危险来自最不可能的地方 Sometimes the real danger comes from the most unlikely places.
这些恐龙都被活埋在这里 These dinosaurs were all buried alive.
恐龙星球是个不可思议且变化多端的世界 Planet Dinosaur was an incredibly diverse and varied place,
这些动物能在地球上的每块陆地开拓殖民地 with these creatures able to colonise every continent on Earth.
不断地进化与演变 Continually evolving and changing,
他们统治地球的权力是绝对的 their dominance of life on Earth was absolute.
然而 他们是命中注定的 Yet, they were doomed.
由于小行星撞击地球 这一切都化为乌有 Their downfall was caused by an asteroid smashing into the Earth.
移动的速度是一颗超速子弹的二十倍多 Travelling 20 times faster than a speeding bullet,
可以横穿十五千米 15 kilometres across,
以至于撞到墨西哥海湾 it slammed into The Gulf of Mexico.
其后果释放出的威力比一颗原子弹还要猛 The impact released more energy than a billion atomic bombs.
最初的后果就是引起大火灾 The initial impact triggered wild fires,
地震和海啸频繁发生 massive earthquakes and tsunamis.
但但多数毁灭性是残骸在大气中枯萎 But most devastating was the debris blasted high into the atmosphere.
遮蔽是黑暗的斗篷持续了数月之久 This shrouded the planet in a cloak of darkness that lasted for months,
隔绝阳光 cutting off sunlight.
地球变成永久的黑暗 The Earth was thrown into almost permanent night.
动物生存的奄奄一息 Animals that survived the blast
正面临生死的严酷的考验 were now faced with their greatest ordeal,
作为一个毁灭性的变革 as a devastating chain of events was set in motion.
由于缺少光照 许多植物相继死去 Deprived of light, many plants died.
像马尔扎龙这样的食草动物是第一个受到影响的 Plant-eaters like this Magyarosaurus are the first to be affected.
没有食物 即使再强大也会首先被压垮 With no food, the biggest succumb first.
微小植物的成长提供了一线希望 Fresh growth of plants offers a glimmer of hope,
允许小型食草动物相互争食吃 allowing smaller plant-eaters to scratch out a living.
但这些并不会维持太长时间 But these aren't enough to sustain anything for long.
食腐者最初能快乐地享受食物 Scavengers initially have an easier time of it.
食草动物由于饥饿被压垮 As the plant-eaters succumb to starvation,
由于大量食物存在 there is a glut of food.
过剩的只是一种幻觉 But this surplus is an illusion.
一旦吃完 食腐动物也会饥饿 Once gone, scavengers will starve, too.
结果导致整条食物链的崩溃 The impact resulted in the collapse of whole food chains,
但食物链的消失却丝毫不会影响恐龙的生存 and the extinction didn't just affect dinosaurs.
实际上地球上所有的生物都被影响 Virtually all life on Earth was affected.
超过百分之六十的物种已经灭绝 More than 60% of all species were wiped out.
但 消失不是碰运气 Yet the extinction wasn't a lottery.
牵一发而未必会动全身（一个因素不会导致恐龙的宿命） One factor more than any other determined the dinosaur's fate.
大小 Size.
陆地上 现存动物的重量没有超过二十五千克的 On land, no animal weighing more than 25 kilograms survived.
只不过没有足够的食物供应给大型动物 There just isn't enough food to sustain large animals.
令人啼笑皆非的是 使得活灵活现恐龙的灭绝还得受到谴责 Ironically, it's the very thing that make dinosaurs so iconic that condemns them to extinction.
最近几年的探索和发现已描绘出一幅令人震惊的图景 The finds and discoveries of recent years have painted a staggering picture.
那便是恐龙有难以置信的适应力以及惊人的生存力 Dinosaurs were incredibly adaptable, with an astonishing capacity for survival.
持久的大陆碰撞 海平面的上升 Enduring the break-up of continents, sea-level rises
以及无数气候的变化 and countless changes in climate,
他们继续繁殖和兴旺 they continued to diversify and thrive.
陆地上 海洋里 数之间 甚至在天空中 On land, in water, among the trees and even in the skies.
他们占领了每一块陆地 They conquered every continent,
并统治地球长达一百五十余年 dominating life on Earth for more than 150 million years.
曾经被我们熟知世界上最辉煌的动物已不复存在 The most successful animals the world has ever known.
这一切只能归咎于史无前例的地外物体撞击 It was only with an unprecedented extraterrestrial impact
我们最终还是见证了恐龙星球末日的到来 that finally saw the end of Planet Dinosaur.