It's been 20 years since the creation of the world wide web and 万维网问世已有20年了
every aspect of our lives has been touched by this digital revolution. 我们生活的方方面面都已经涉及了这个数字革命
Tim Berners-Lee created something of unbelievable power. 蒂姆.伯纳斯李创造了具有难以置信的力量的东西
I think of the web as humanity connected. 我把网络视为人类的沟通
Human civilisation as a whole is now witnessing the connection of 人类文明作为一个整体现在正见证着
people everywhere on Earth, through this web. 全球各地人们的联系 通过这个网络
But what are the consequences of this extraordinary new access to information and people? 不过这种非同寻常的沟通信息和人们 的新途径带来的后果是什么呢？
Caught up in the instant connections of the web, few of us pause to wonder what it's doing to us. 沉浸在网络的即时链接中 我们很少有人停下来思考一下 它给我们带来什么
What is the effect on our relationships? 对我们的关系有何影响？
Is the web even changing how we think? 网络会改变我们的思想吗？
Whether we realise it or not, through the web all of us are 不管我们意识到与否 通过网络
participating in an extraordinary and unprecedented experiment 我们都加入了非同寻常 前所未有的人类实验
for humankind, where the outcome is far from certain. 其结果尚无定论
The great fear is that this revolution is making our senses and 极大的担忧在于这场革命将使我们的
imagination dependent on screens, 感觉和想象依赖屏幕
shifting us from the real world to the virtual. 把我们从现实世界转移到虚拟世界
It's a world that has no consequences. 那是个没有结果的世界
It s a world dominated by senses. 那是个被感觉支配的世界
Why do you need cognition? Why do you need meaning? 为何你需要认知？为何你需要思想？
Why do you need metaphor? 为何你需要比喻？
Is it going to bring us a different, better life, 它会不会带给我们别样 更好的人生呢？
or is it going to bring us a different style of communication? 它会不会带给我们不同的沟通方式呢？
I ask that question. I don't have the answer. 我提出这个问题 我不知道答案
We worry that our kids are being sucked into superficial online culture. 我们担心我们的孩子被吸引进肤浅的网络文化
Are they, for better or for worse, 他们 不管是好是坏
evolving from Homo Sapiens into some sort of Homo Interneticus? 是在从智人演化成某种网络人吗？
A lot of this is a kind middle-class, middle-age panic about the web. 这里大部分是中产阶级 中年人对网络的恐慌
They are panicked by the future, they are panicked by what they think their children are doing. 他们对未来恐慌 对他们认为的自己的孩子的行为恐慌
I'm going to plunge into the fear and the hype. 我将陷入恐惧和紧张
I want to find out whether the web really is trivialising 我想看看网络是否真的在蔑视我们的人际关系
our relationships and rotting our brains. 和腐蚀我们的大脑
At its heart, this is about what makes us us, 其核心 就是关于什么在打造我们
and whether the web distorts or enriches our very humanity. 网络究竟是扭曲还是丰富了我们的人性
HDChina.org 高清PT站 2010.04.23 ==================================== 本字幕仅供学习交流，严禁用于商业用途 ==================================== 字幕/时间轴:cnszw
BBC - 虚拟革命 S01E04 - 网络人
This is the Gutenberg Bible, the printed manuscript 这是古腾堡圣经 印刷原稿
that revolutionised society 其变革社会
by taking information from the few and giving it to the many. 是通过少数人那里拿来信息给多数人
This book irrevocably changed Western civilisation. 这本书不可逆转地改变了西方文明
When Gutenberg invented the printing press, 古腾堡发明印刷机时
few of his contemporaries could have predicted the consequences. 他那代人中很少能预见到结果
They thought it was just about churning out a lot of books. 他们认为这只是大量出版书籍
But the new media, the printed word, unshackled 然而 新媒体 书面语言
people from old ways of thinking and fuelled the Renaissance. 将人们从旧的思维方式中解放了出来 推动了文艺复兴
500 years on, the web seems to be another 500年后 网络似乎成了推进我们思想的
great leap forward in how we think. 有一大飞跃
Its characteristics mimic some of those 其特点模仿了其中的某些
in the eco system of the printing press 在印刷机的生态体系中
in that the entry barriers for individuals are extremely low. 对个人的门槛非常的低
And the role of ideas, knowledge, information is central. 思想 知识 信息的影响四通八达
It makes it much easier for information to be distributed 它让信息的散布更为容易
much more quickly and to be copied much more easily, 更为快捷 复制更加容易
which is what the printing press did. 这正是印刷机的作用
But it's fundamentally different in that it also makes possible for anyone to create information. 但是它有本质上的不同 因为它有可能让任何人去创造信息
So I think it is probably more important than the printing press. 因此我认为它有可能比印刷机更有影响
Over just 20 years, we have seen how the web is transforming almost every aspect of our outward lives... 经过短短的20年 我们看到了网络几乎 改变着我们外在生活的方方面面
its huge impact on culture, politics and business. 以及它对文化 政治 商业的巨大冲击
But we've yet to understand its deeper impact on our psychology. 但是我们尚未明白它对我们心理的深层次影响
The first place to look for answers is the place where people use the web more than anywhere else. 寻找答案第一站去的地方是 那里的人使用网络超过其他地方
If we are to see the web's revolutionary 如果我们要看网络革命对人类的影响
effects on human beings, then we should find them here. 那么我们在这里会看到的
This is the most wired nation on earth - South Korea. 这里是世界上网络最发达的国家 - 韩国
In this digitally enhanced country, the web can be accessed virtually anywhere. 在这个数字增强型国家里 上网居然可以随时随地
South Korea's fibre optic cabling has ten times quicker 韩国的光纤电缆的下载速度是
download speeds than the broadband we have in Britain. 我们英国宽带的10倍
62% of Korean three to five-year-olds regularly use the internet, 韩国62%的3至5岁的小棒子经常使用互联网
spending over eight hours every week online. 每周上网超过8小时
Surveys suggest this is approximately 调查显示 这大约是英国5岁儿童的两倍
twice the exposure of British five-year-olds.
It's the young people that the South Koreans are most concerned about. 年轻人是韩国人最为关心的
Sped into the digital age and surrounded by hi-tech 加快进入数字时代 周围是高科技
since they've been in nappies, 自棒子出娘肚子就一直是这样
they command the headlines for all the wrong reasons. 他们拔得头筹全是因为错误的原因
Koreans are increasingly worried about internet addiction. 棒子们越来越担心网络成瘾
Their government's own figures 他们的政府自己的数字
reveal this affects up to 210,000 children, 披露这种影响达21万小棒子
many spending up to 18 hours every day online. 许多人每天上网达18小时
80% of those afflicted need medication, 其中八成的患者需要药物治疗
20% have to be admitted to hospital. 二成则不得不送进医院
I'm going to meet Mr Koh - 我现在去拜访许先生 -
the government's key advisor on what has become a growing problem. 他是政府在日益严重的问题方面的主要顾问
What are the symptoms of internet addiction? 网络成瘾的症状是什么？
TRANSLATOR: If they don't use the internet, they feel anxious and unstable. 如果他们不使用互联网 就会感到焦虑不安
They don't feel satisfied, their friends don't talk to them any more, 他们不会感到满足 朋友再也不和他们交流了
and a lot of friction builds up with the relationship with their parents, 和他们的父母关系日渐紧张
and those are the consequences of too much internet usage. 那些就是过度使用互联网的后果
In Korea there were cases of people 在韩国 有过有人一天上网18小时的案例
using the internet for 18 hours a day.
Korea may seem to be an extreme case, but it does show that 棒子国似乎是个极端的例子 但是它确实表明
the web's effect on our psychology can't be dismissed. 网络对我们心理的影响不容忽视
And it offers us a glimpse of what might be our future. 它让我们一瞥我们未来可能的模样
The experiences that Korea is facing as a country with internet addiction 韩国正面临成为网络成瘾国家的体验
are the kind of experiences that countries like yours will face in three to five years. 就是你这样的国家在3到5年里将会面临的体验
The fear for coming generations extends well beyond South Korea. 对子孙后代的担忧远不止韩国
Back in Britain, the ultimate sceptic is the neuroscientist Susan Greenfield. 回到英国 最大的怀疑论者 是神经学家苏珊.格林菲尔德
She tirelessly voices her concern about how the web may be distorting children's sense of reality. 她声嘶力竭忧虑着网络 有可能扭曲着孩子的现实感觉
When a child is in the real world 当孩子生活在现实世界里
even if it is a world of a doll's house, 即使是在玩具世界里
this is a world where your doll might break, someone might stamp on your toy soldier. 就是在这个世界里 你的娃娃会被弄坏 有人会踩上你的玩具士兵
So you are learning that actions have consequences. 这样你就学到了行动是有后果的
So imagine you are a young person on a computer. 那么设想一下 你是电脑前的年轻人
It is a world where there is a strong premium on hearing and vision, on strong sensation. 在这个世界里 有强劲的视听 很强的感受
There is a triumph of the senses over the meaning. 有一种感官超越思想的满足
If you give a human brain an environment where actions don't have consequences, 如果你给人的大脑的环境是行动没有后果
if you give that brain an environment that is just literal, 如果你给大脑的环境就是缺乏想象
where there is no significance, might it not be the case 没有任何意义 那会不会是这样
that that brain stays in an infantilised state? 大脑始终是未断奶的状态呢？
When I talk to parents and people individually, 我跟家长和人们个别交流时
I've yet to meet someone who has disagreed with me. 还未遇上不同意我观点的人
Everyone seems to feel a kind of uneasy fear 每个人似乎都感觉到一种恐惧不安
and a poorly articulated worry that they can't really put into words, 一种说不清的担忧 他们难以言表
but nonetheless they feel that there is something that needs to be done. 但是 他们觉得有一些事是需要做的
Susan Greenfield represents the most extreme view, but across Britain 苏珊.格林菲尔德表达了最极端的观点 但在英国
there is unease that children are growing up only knowing life online. 存在忧虑 孩子们在只知道生活在网上中成长
That this is a generation consumed by the web. 那就是毁在网络的一代
I have friends and family who are struggling with their children over new technologies. 我有亲朋好友正致力于自己的孩子脱离新科技
Even the most technologically-savvy amongst them find it strange that 即使是其中最精通科技的也发现了它的怪异
their kids are more comfortable in front of the screen than they are. 他们的孩子面对屏幕要比面对他们来得舒服
Now I happen to visit many of the same sites that their kids are on. 现在我偶尔会访问许多相同的网站 他们的孩子就在上面
And while I have got used to them, I do still feel like a bit of a tourist. 虽然我已经习惯了他们 但是我依然感觉到自己是个游客
I'm constantly amazed at what Generation Web can do with new technology. 我时常惊讶于Generation网站会用上新技术
So I'm going to find out what living with Generation Web is really like. 因此我要去看看生活在 Generation网站上究竟是啥模样
Parents across the country need no introduction to this familiar scene. 全国的家长都无需介绍这个熟悉的场景
Their lives are completely centred around their computers. 他们的生活完全围绕着他们的电脑
I chat to friends and like do comments and stuff. 我和朋友聊天 想评论啊等等
Usually Facebook and Hotmail and stuff. 通常是Facebook和Hotmail等等
The kids come home and are on Facebook while they are having their first cup of tea. 孩子回家 面对Facebook才喝上第一杯咖啡
You can communicate with people and look into their lives and stuff. 你可以与人交流 了解他们的生活等等
When I was young we didn't even have a home telephone. 我年轻时 甚至还没有一部家庭电话
Can you imagine life without the web? 你能想象没有网络的生活吗？
Um, no. No. 不 不能
I think it would be like removing her arm if you took her Facebook site away from her. 我想如果让她远离Facebook 就会像是断掉她的手臂一样
What do you think life was like before the web? 你想过没有网络问世前的生活没有？
Really boring, yeah. 太无聊了 真的
What do you think people did? 你认为人们在干什么？
Read books. 看书
By the time Generation Web reach adulthood, 在Generation网站搜索成长时期
they will have spent over 10,000 hours online 他们在网上度过了1万多小时
and a huge proportion of those will have been spent on social networks. 其中极大的部分花在了社交网站上
For the first time on television, 首次在电视上
using a data sample of eight million people we can reveal how far the UK 利用800万人的数据样本 我们可以揭示目前英国人
population has been sucked into the orbit of the online social networks. 被卷入在线社交网站到了什么程度
The size of each of these web planets 这些网络行星的每个大小
represents the number of visits it receives over each month. 代表了其每月所接受的访问量
There's Bebo for the early teens, MySpace for the music lovers, Bebo针对少年 MySpace针对音乐爱好者
but the biggest of them all is Facebook. 但是其中最大的是Facebook
According to Facebook, 据Facebook称
350 million people worldwide have Facebook accounts. 全球有3.5亿人有Facebook的帐号
If it were a country, 如果它是个国家的话
it would be the third largest behind China and India. 将会是中国和印度之后的第三大国家
Britain is becoming a Facebook nation. 英国正在成为一个Facebook国家
There are 23 million active Facebook users. That's one in three of us. 有2300万活跃的Facebook用户 占了我们的三分之一
And that's right across the country. 遍布全国
The Facebook capital of Great Britain is Sunderland. 英国的Facebook首都在桑德兰
More than half of UK Facebook users log on daily, 每天有一半以上的英国Facebook用户登录
on average for an hour every time. 平均每次一小时
It's so pervasive that Facebook has become 它无处不在 Facebook已经成了
the main target of parents' angst. 家长焦虑的主要目标
People my age, mid 40s and up, 我这年龄的人 40多岁
are wringing their hands over what kids are doing on Facebook, 坐立不安于孩子们在Facebook上的所作所为
as if we would not have done these things 仿佛我们年轻时要是Facebook存在
had Facebook existed when we were young. 是不会做这些事情的
How dare these children now not suffer the way I did? 现在这些孩子怎么敢做我没做过的事情呢？
They should be having the life I did - made to read, made to do this, 他们应该向我那样生活 - 努力读书 努力做这个
they should not have this freedom, this access, or if they do, 他们不应有这样的自由 这种机会 即使他们去做
while I can approve of it, 虽然我可以批准
I ought to suggest it's dangerous, it's going to go wrong. 我会指出它的危害 那会走入歧途的
The key criticism of Facebook is that it makes friendship meaningless 对Facebook关键批评在于它让友谊无所谓了
and that undermines society. 诋毁了社交
The label of friendship is just as easily attained 友谊的标签很容易获得
by lifelong buddies as it is 终生伴侣看来
by total strangers hoarding connections. 只要将所有的陌生人拉在一起就行了
How true is this? 这有多真实呢？
To find out more, we need to understand why Facebook became so popular. 为明白更多 我们就需要了解 Facebook为何会变得如此流行
On the 24th May 2007, just ten days after his 23rd birthday, 2007年5月24日 就在他23岁生日过后10天
Mark Zuckerberg shuffled onto this hall and explained the secret of Facebook's triumphant success. 马克.扎克伯格大摇大摆来到这座大厅 阐述Facebook一举成功的秘密
Today, together, 今天 我们一起在推进一项活动
we are going to start a movement.
At Facebook, we're pushing for the world to be a more open place and we do this by... 在Facebook上 我们正把世界推向更加开放的地方 我们是通过...
Zuckerberg's aim was that Facebook would become the destination to connect 扎克伯格的目标是 Facebook将成为目的地的
to friends and share information - text, photos or social events. 以联系朋友 分享信息 - 文本 图片 以及社交活动
All that you need to do is sign up... 你所需做的一切就是注册
create a profile, find your mates 创建简介 寻找伙伴
and have them agree to become your Facebook friend. 让他们同意成为你的Facebook朋友
In this way, each Facebook member carves out their own group 这样 每个Facebook成员就创造出自己朋友群
of friends, all within the larger network. 通通在更大的网络里
What we are building is a massive network of real connections between people, 我们所打造的是真正联系人群的大网络
through which information can flow more efficiently than it ever has in the past. 通过它信息的流动较之以往任何时候都更加有效
And it's changing the way the world works. 它改变了世界的运作方式
But to change the way the world works or putting it a bit more cynically, 但是要改变世界的运作方式 或让它有一点玩世不恭
to build up marketing potential, 构建起市场的潜力
Facebook needs to attract a huge number of users. Facebook需要吸引大量的用户
What Facebook is trying to achieve Facebook努力实现的
is something called a network effect. 就是叫做网络效应的玩意
This is a term coined 100 years ago 这是100年前创造的术语
by American telephone industrialist, Theodore Vail. 是美国电话实业家西奥多.韦尔创造的
This is the essence of what Theodore Vail outlined. 这是西奥多.韦尔勾勒出的要素
If you have a telephone, just one... 如果你有一部电话 就一部
it's pretty useless because you can pick it up, but there is nobody 是绝对没用的 因为你拿起电话 但是另一头没人
on the other side, there is no one to make a connection with. 没人与之联系
But...if you add another telephone... 但是如果 你加上另一部电话
..add another and another 又一部 又一部
and another 又一部
this guy can talk with this guy, 这家伙就可以通话给这家伙
who can talk with this guy, who can talk with this guy... 他可以通话给这家伙 他可以通话给这家伙
and so on and so on. 以此类推
The more phones you have connected, 你所链接的电话越多
the more benefits for the individual users, 对每个用户的好处就越多
because the user has more possibilities of people to connect with. 因为用户就越有可能与人联系
And the more people that they can connect with, the more other people will want to join. 他们可以联系的人越多 其他人就越想加入
The system becomes self-sustaining and self-fulfilling. 系统就变成了自我维系和自我实现了
It's as simple as that. 一切就那么简单
So the power and value of Facebook 因此Facebook的力量和价值
increases by the number of friends it connects. 是靠其联系的朋友数量而提高的
Many of these things are a sort of scale leads to scale. 其中好多东西就是从规模导致规模的
That is if your friends are on it, you go on it. 那就是如果你的朋友在里头 你就会进去的
You don't do some objective evaluation of, 你是不会做一些客观的评价的 -
"This one is better in this way and that one is better in that way." 这个这样更好些 那个那样更好些
You know, it's like why is the phone, with its dial, why did that catch on? 要知道 就像是为何电话 随着它拨号 居然会流行起来
Well, critical mass eventually becomes the big thing. 所以 临界量最重会举足轻重
For a while, Facebook forced you to be friends with somebody 短时间内 Facebook会迫使你成为某些人的朋友
if they wanted to be friends with you. 只要他们想与你成为朋友的话
And that didn't happen to work for me because I was getting 10,000 friend requests a day. 那不会发生在我身上 因为我每天会收到1万个朋友的请求
People have the experience of having thousands of friends. 人们有了交上成千上万个朋友的体验
Well, no-one really has thousands of friends. It's, it's... 嗯 没有人真的有成千上万个朋友 这个 这个
either the word thousands or the word friends has to be struck out 不是成千上万这个词 就是朋友这个词要剔除
for that sentence to make any sense. 才能让这句话产生意义
We've seen how Facebook needs volume. 我们已经看到了Facebook为何需要数量
The problem is the commodity it wants to accumulate is human relationships. 问题就在于它想积累的有用之物就是人类的联系
So what does that mean for those relationships? 那么那些联系又意味着什么呢？
What does it mean to have 10,000 friends? 有1万个朋友又意味着什么呢？
Could a Facebook friend be something as trivial, cheap and disposable Facebook朋友会成为琐碎 廉价 一次性的东西
as fast food, worth no more than a burger? 如快餐那样 价值不超过一个汉堡？
Seriously, in 2009 a well-known fast food chain 说真的 在2009年 一个知名的快餐连锁
created a page on Facebook that offered the chance 在Facebook上创造了一个网页 提供免费特大汉堡的机会给那些
of a free Whopper for people who 'de-friended' ten of their Facebook friends. 去掉自己10个Facebook朋友的人
In less than two weeks, the love of a whopper 在两个星期不到的时间里 对特大汉堡的钟爱
proved to be stronger than 233,906 friendships. 被证明要强于233906个友谊
This brazen marketing stunt surprisingly seems to reveal 这种厚颜无耻的市场噱头似乎揭示了
something fascinating about the value of our Facebook friends. 有关我们Facebook 朋友数量的惊人的一面
The underlying issue was, "You're on here, we're all on this Facebook, 潜台词是 你在这里 我们都在这Facebook上
"we all love it, it's fun, great. But what's the point?" 我们都喜欢它 它很有趣 很好 但是关键是什么呢？
Steve Schiff was one of thousands of Facebook users who decided to 史蒂夫.希夫是决定用自己网上朋友
trade in his online friends for a grilled piece of meat in a bun. 换取加肉烤面包的数千个Facebook用户之一
How do you choose which, you know, to get rid of first? 你是如何作出选择的 首先抛开什么？
To be honest with you, it was incredibly easy. 老实跟你说 这极其便当
It was not that tough to find ten people 一点都不难找到10个朋友
that I really didn't need to have that online connection with. 是我真的不必与之网上联系的
This isn't something that is happening in real life. 这不是发生在现实生活中的事情
So let's just cut to the chase, 所以就让我们断绝追求
let's cut our losses, let's get our free burgers and everybody wins. 让我们减少损失 让我们获得免费汉堡 大家共赢
So, if we're willing to get rid of friends for a burger, 所以 如果愿意抛开朋友以换取汉堡
does that mean social networks are changing the face of friendships in the 21st century? 那么是否意味着社交网络 正改变着21世纪友谊的面貌呢？
Or are there some immutable aspects of human friendship that Facebook can't change? 还是有一些人类友谊永恒的方面是 Facebook所无法改变的呢？
I need to find out more about the evolution of relationships itself. 我需要更多地探寻关系本身的演化
I'm meeting the world authority on primate groups, 我见到了灵长类的世界权威
Oxford Professor Robin Dunbar. 牛津大学教授罗宾.邓巴
Can you talk me through what's going on here? 通过这样的事情 你能告诉我什么？
What's the social life of a primate group all about? 灵长类的社会生活都有些什么？
It's all about social bonding, 归根结底是社会纽带
personalised relationships between individuals. 个体之间的个性化联系
Primates live in a really intensely social world. 灵长类生活在非常强烈的社会世界里
They spend a lot of time grooming each other. 它们花大量的时间相互梳理
That gives them the sense of bonding. 那就给了它们结合感
The problem with grooming is it's a sort of a one-on-one activity. 梳理产生的问题就是那种一对一的活动
It just sets an upper limit on the size of groups in the end, so the 它结果只是安排了这种群体的上限 因此
most social species only have average group size of 50 or 60 in primates. 在灵长类里 多数社会物种都 只有平均50到60个群体规模
In 1992, Dunbar came up with a formula that predicts the 1992年 邓巴提出了一个公式 预测
upper limit to the number of bonds any primate like us can ever have. 任何灵长类的联系数量的上限 我们也可以涵盖
And it's proved so reliable 其证明非常可信
that it has become known as the Dunbar Number. 已经成为了著名的邓巴数
So we sort of plugged human brains sizes into the equation and it gives this number of 150. 所以我们将人脑的大小插入方程 这样就得出数字为150
And sure enough, this number turns up in all human communities. 果然 这个数字发生在了所有的人类社区里
It turns up in the military, It turns up in average village sizes. 它出现在军队里 出现在村庄的平均规模上
It is in the Doomsday book, 1087 AD. 它出现在1087年的末日裁判书里
It turns up in hunter gatherer communities. 它出现在狩猎时代的社区里
So what does the Dunbar Number mean 那么邓巴数对Facebook一代 网络人
for the Facebook generation, Homo Interneticus? 又意味着什么呢？
Has Facebook actually changed the upper limits of friendship previously set by nature? Facebook是否实际上已经改变了天定的友谊上限呢？
When Facebook's in-house sociologist analysed all active networks, Facebook内部的社会学家分析了所有的网络活动后
they found that sure enough, nature is playing out online. 发现果然 规律在网上表现出来了
The reality is that the average Facebook member currently has well below Dunbar's upper limit of 150. 实际情况是 目前Facebook成员的平均量 完全低于邓巴数的上限150
In fact, the number of Facebook friends they interact with on 事实上 他们基本上每天互动的Facebook朋友数量
a daily basis is surprisingly small, typically only five or six. 出奇地少 通常只有5、6个人
So while you can claim you have this huge network of 因此虽然你可以声称 你有这个庞大的人群网络
people you know in some vague sense, 你要知道 在某种模糊的感觉里
most of those relationships I wouldn't call relationships. 大部分那种关系 我不认为是关系
They're voyeurs. 他们是在偷窥
So through the Dunbar Number, we've found that Facebook's drive 因此通过邓巴数 我们发现Facebook的
for network effect isn't changing our relationships. 网络驱动效应并不会改变我们的关系
For me, there is something deeper going on, 对我来说 还有些更深层的东西
beyond this superficial issue of numbers. 超越了这数字的表面问题
The point about Facebook is that it does something else Facebook的问题是它对关系还做了其它手脚
to relationships, it puts them in a constant loop 它让它们处于数字信息的不断循环之中
of digital information.
To understand what that means, we need go back to the very origins 要搞明白其中的意思 我们就需要回到
of the phrase "in the loop" 所谓的循环之中的源头
and some important science developed in the Second World War. 二战中的一些重要的科学发展
WAILING OF AIR RAID SIRENS #空袭警报#
'The enemy again and again broke through the coastal defences.' “敌人一次又一次突破海防”
Night after the night, the brave anti-aircraft gunners stood 一个又一个晚上 勇敢的高射炮兵坚守自己的岗位
by their posts and tried in vain to shoot down the German bombers. 在徒劳中拼命击落德国轰炸机
British military scientists realised they were facing a grave problem. 英国军事科学家们意识到他们面临着一个严重的问题
The problem that the anti-aircraft gunners had was 高射炮兵的问题在于
that while the radar could spot the planes, 虽然雷达可以发现飞机
and the gunners could fire at them, they still missed the target. 炮兵可以对其开炮 但是他们还是未击中目标
It would be an American mathematician, Norbert Wiener, 这就有了一位美国数学家诺贝尔.维纳
who would provide the answer. 来提供答案了
When Wiener heard what was facing the British gunners, 维纳在听说英国炮兵所面临的问题后
he decided to come up with a solution 他决定拿出一个解决办法
that tackled the problem in a completely different way. 用完全不同的办法来解决问题
Wiener asked a simple question, "When we walk, why don't we fall over?" 维纳提出了一个简单的问题 “我们走路时 为何不会跌倒呢？”
Wiener argued that what keeps us upright is a constant loop of 维纳认为 让我们保持直立的是
information to and from the brain, 进出大脑的信息不断循环
a loop of action and reaction that allows us to predict future action. 动作与反应的不断循环 使得我们预测到下一步行动
So Wiener saw the gunner, his gun, the plane 这样 维纳认为炮兵 大炮 飞机
and the pilot not as separate entities, 以及飞行员 并非相互割裂的对象
but all embedded in the same loop of continuous feedback. 而是通通嵌入在连续反馈的同一个循环中
Only through thinking in this way, 只有通过这种方式的思考
linking human and machine together as one, 将人与机器联系在一起 人机合一
could the gunners successfully hit their targets. 才能让炮兵成功地命中目标
One of the big innovations of Facebook is to apply this constant action and reaction to friendship. Facebook的一大创新就是将这种持续的 行动与反应应用到关系上
In fact, I believe that they are key in understanding 事实上 我认为他们关键是了解到了
how our online relationships have transformed forever. 我们的网上关系是如何被永恒地改变了
What Facebook pioneered before anyone else was status updates fed between friends in real time. Facebook先于别人创造的 就是实时提供朋友间的状态更新
But at the beginning, it wasn't like that. 然而一开始 并非如此
Back in 2004, it was a simple college student website. 早在2004年 它只是个简单的大学生网站
Legend has it that one night after a bad date, Mark came back and hacked 传说是 在一个糟糕约会后的夜晚 马克回家
into the student database to create a website 非法侵入学生数据库 创建了一个网站
for rating all of the women on campus. 对所有在校女性进行评级
Two hours later, 80% of the student population had voted, 两小时后 80%的学生进行了投票
crashing the entire student computer servers. 瘫痪了所有的学生计算机服务器
Mark was the type of person who was always thinking of 马克是那种人 一直在思考
technical solutions to social problems. 用技术手段去解决社会问题
Seeing the demand for connection, 看到了联系的需求
Zuckerberg started a new venture, Facebook. 扎克伯格开创了新的企业 - Facebook
I built the first version of Facebook in a couple 我创建第一版的Facebook 是在两个星期里
of weeks in my dorm room at Harvard. I built it because I wanted 在我的哈佛大学的宿舍里 我创建它是因为我想
the people around me, the students at Harvard, to be able 我周围的人 哈佛的同学
to share information and stay connected better. 能够更好地分享信息 保持联系
I emailed a few of my friends and they emailed a few of their friends 我发电邮给一些我的朋友 他们发电邮给一些他们的朋友
and within a few days, I think, 就几天工夫 我想
thousands of people were on it at Harvard. 哈佛有成千上万人上了网站
All of us, particularly students caught in the social 我们大家 尤其是陷入校园生活社交漩涡的同学们
whirl of college life, crave news and gossip about our friends. 渴望新闻和朋友之间的闲聊
But Zuckerberg realised that while the web made information available, 但是扎克伯格意识到 虽然网站提供了可用的信息
people didn't always know it was there. 但是人们并不总是知道它在哪里
The problem was browsing Facebook was like poking your head into 问题是浏览Facebook就像 你随时削尖脑袋
someone's room every time you wanted to find out what they were doing. 伸进别人的房间 你想发现他们在干些什么
You had to go to your friend's pages every day or you missed something crucial they posted. 你必须每天去看你朋友的网页 否则你就会错过他们贴出的关键东西
If you missed something crucial, then you didn't respond 一旦你错过了关键的东西 你就会没有反应
and if you didn't respond, your friend though nobody was watching 一旦你没有反应 你的朋友就会认为无人问津
and what's the point in bragging if nobody cares? 一旦无人问津 自吹自擂又有何意义呢？
What changed everything is what Zuckerberg did next. 改变一切的就是扎克伯格接下来所做的
He completed the loop of information on Facebook with something he called "News Feed". 他完成了Facebook上的信息循环 利用的东西就是他所说的新闻供应（News Feed）
It meant that anything you posted on your site is instantly broadcast to all your friends and vice versa. 它意味着 你张贴在自己网站上的任何东西 会即时播送给你所有的朋友 反之亦然
They don't have to go looking at your site, all updates came to them. 他们不必去看你的网站 通通会更新给他们
We launched the product at midnight. 我们在午夜推出了产品
We were convinced that people were going to love it. 我们确信人们会爱上它的
And we thought, "This is the kind of thing that could change the web." 我们认为 这是种可以改变网络的东西
It seems all so normal now, but at the time, Facebook users hated it. 现在看来很平常 但在当时 Facebook用户讨厌它
They saw it as an appalling intrusion into their lives, 他们视其为对他们生活骇人听闻的入侵
a terrible wrench from the Facebook they were used to. Facebook可怕地扭曲了他们的习惯
The first thing I saw was that someone had broken up with someone 我首先看到的是有人在伤害别人
and so when I saw those things, 因此当我看到这情况
I just kind, I was really put into shock, I was like, 我就会 真的很震惊 我希望
"That's so much stuff broadcasting." 有那么多的东西可传播啊
Then I realised that all my stuff was being broadcast 于是我意识到 我所有的东西也在
in the same way too, and I didn't really want that. 用同样的方式播送出去 我真的不想那样
As soon as we launched the product, we started looking at the feedback 我们推出产品后紧接着就开始关注用户的反馈
coming in from our users and it was universally bad. 普遍反应不好
It was, "I want my homepage back. I don't like this, please turn it off." 就是：我想回到我的主页 我不喜欢这个 请把它关掉
I was emailed by almost everyone I knew on Facebook to say, 我收到我几乎所有在Facebook认识人的电邮 称
"Why did you do this to us?" 你为何要为我们做这个东西？
It was personal. And right before we were leaving, I think we were called 那是人身攻击 就在我们离开之前 我想我们接到电话
and told there were security guards coming 说有保安来了
because there was going to be a protest outside. 因为外面将会有一个抗议
This was hours after we launched. 这就是我们推出后几个小时里的事情
I started to make a protest against it, 我着手举行抗议来反对它
and created a group called Students Against Facebook News Feed. 创建了一个组织 叫做学生反对Facebook的新闻供应
By the third or fourth day, at its apex, 过了三四天 在其顶峰时
it was at 750,000 people in the group. 有75万人加入了组织
But Zuckerberg stuck to his guns. 但是扎克伯格坚持不放弃
He was determined that Facebook users would live life in the loop. 他坚持Facebook用户将会生活在循环中
Within a few days, we could see in our stats already that just the amount of page views 几天工夫 我们在统计中就已经可以看到 光人们的网页浏览量
that people were doing and the amount of engagement that they had on the site was going up, 以及他们在网站上的约会量持续升高
because what they were coming on the site to do was to see 因为他们登录网站所做的就是去看
what their friends were doing day to day and this made it so much easier. 他们的朋友每天所做的事情 这将使其更加容易
It's this culture of real time updating and not the numbers 正是这种实时更新的文化而不是朋友的数量
of friends that is the big shift in all of our relationships. 导致了我们整个关系的巨大转变
Constant status updates, this being in the online loop, 常态更新 不停在网上循环
has dragged the web into a new age, 已经将网络拉入了新时代
inspiring many imitators, most famously, Twitter. 启发了许多仿效者 最著名的是Twitter
But more importantly, what does this shift mean for you and me 然而更为重要的是 这一转变对你我的
as we live our daily lives? 日常生活意味着什么？
I'm going to meet Sherry Turkle, an eminent clinical psychologist 我去会见雪利.特克尔 著名的临床心理学家
who's been studying our relationship with technology for 20 years. 她20年来一直在研究我们与科技的关系
She's actively researching how the webs feedback loops 她积极研究 网络的反馈循环是如何
challenge our sense of who we are. 挑战我们对我们自己的认识的
I think you've started to get almost a new personality type. 我想你已经开始有了几乎新的人格
It moves from, "I have a feeling, I want to make a call," 它是从“我有一种感觉 我想打个电话”
to, "I want to have a feeling, I need to make a call." 到“我想有个感觉 我要打个电话”
There is a sense in which you almost need the validation and the support 在这种感觉里 你几乎需要社会的确认与支持
of the community to in fact feel the feeling in the first place. 其实感到的是一开始的感觉
Bringing other people into the loop 将其他人带入你所感到的感觉里
of feeling your feeling, this is very seductive. 那是非常诱人的
So as a recipient of all of this information, 因此作为整个这种信息的接受方
how do you think this is affecting me? 你是如何考虑对我的影响的呢？
You start to want to hide. I cannot live the Blackberry 你开始想躲避 我不能生活在自己生命
version of my life. I cannot 的黑莓版本里 我不能...
be, read, know... 读取 了解
all of the places and spaces and feelings and the Facebook... 所有的地方 空间 感觉 Facebook
My life is more than I can live. 我的生命不止是我的生活
We are no longer nourished, but consumed in some way by what we've created. 我们不再被培养 而是某些方面被消磨在我们所创造的东西上
I genuinely believe we co-evolve with our tools 我真的认为我们是和我们的工具共同进化
and most of our network's tools are smart phones 我们大部分网络工具是智能手机
where we can check e-mails, desktop computers, laptops, 我们用来检查电子邮件 台式电脑 笔记本电脑
they encourage us because it's so convenient to consume 它们激励着我们 因为其非常便利去消磨
lots of information and little snippets. 大量的信息和闲言碎语
We recently crossed the one billion view mark per day 我们最近每天要碰到10亿浏览
that we're serving. 那是我们提供的
We're also receiving close to 24 hours of video 我们同时接收到近24小时的视频
every minute on the site, which is a phenomenal amount of data. 网站上一刻不停 这是个惊人的数据量
In my life, it's increasingly rare 在我生活中 日益缺乏
that I have time on my own, to think. 我有自己的时间去思考
I have a Twitter account and several blogs to maintain, 我有Twitter帐号 维持着几个博客
plus my Facebook status updates, my photo diary, 加上我的Facebook状态更新 我的照片日记
my video blogs and my podcast that I have to record. 我的视频博客 我的播客 那是我必须去发布的
And that's the content I create. 那是我创造的内容
There's also the content I consume, 还有我消磨的内容
not least of which are the emails in my inbox 尤其是我收件箱里的邮件
and the messages on my answering machine. 我答录机里的讯息
I was away for a week and I had 283 emails that I had to go through. 我离开一个礼拜 就收到了283封邮件 是我必须去搜查的
Living in the loop, Homo Interneticus, 生活在循环中 网络人
appears to be slowly drowning in a rising sea of information, 似乎是在慢慢淹没在不断上升的信息海洋里
but there is an even deeper change. 但是还有一个更深刻的变化
The architecture of the web seems to encourages us to use 网络的构造似乎在鼓励我们用
our brains in a whole new way to digest the abundance of information. 我们的大脑以全新的方式去消化大量的信息
Here at MIT in Boston, 60 years ago, 这里是波士顿麻省理工学院 60年前
one scientist had an extraordinary vision of the future, 有位科学家对未来有一个独特的洞察
how technology and the mind might work together. 技术和大脑可以一起工作
Vannevar Bush was involved in many of the great scientific advances of the 20th century, 万尼瓦尔.布什曾参与了20世纪的许多伟大进步
from designing some of the world's first computers 从参与设计世界上第一台计算机
to the development of the atom bomb. 到原子弹的研发
In 1945, he published an article that foretold our digital age. 1945年 他发表了一篇论文 预测了我们的数字时代
"As We May Think." 《诚若所思》
This is Bush's original article and with great insight, 这是布什的原稿 具有伟大的洞察力
he described all of today's problems with information overload. 他描述了今天信息泛滥所带来的所有问题
At heart, he was focusing on the same problem that I'm grappling with in these archives. 本质上 他所关注的同样 是我在这些档案中要解决的问题
I'm searching though all of these files associated with Bush. 我在寻找所有与布什有关的文件
And they're labelled Vannevar Bush A through B, C through D, 他们标注万尼瓦尔.布什从A到B C到D
photographs, correspondence etc. 照片 信件等等
But the irony is, this isn't how Bush thought our brains worked. 但是讽刺的是 这不是布什认为我们大脑工作的方式
For example, when he thought about his Aunt Susie he didn't think about 比如 他想到他的苏西姨妈时 就不会想到
all of the people he knew whose names began with S. 所有他所认识的以S打头的人的
He thought about where he was when he last saw her, 他想的是他最后一眼见到她的地方
how she did her hair. 她的头发什么样子
What she smelled like. How she held her fingers in front of her when she talked, that kind of thing. 她喜欢什么味道 她边交叉着手指放在胸前 边说着什么
And so on and so on until he built up a picture of her. 如此等等 直到他建立起她的相片
In other words, he didn't think our minds were linear, 换句话说 他不认为我们的思想是线状的
he thought they worked through association. 他认为他们是协同运作的
Bush put on the table the problem. 布什挑明了问题
He said, "Here is a scientist. 他说道 “这就是科学家
"Imagine our scientist, he has before him the human record, ”想象一下我们的科学家 他是站在人们所记录的他的前面
"in other words, all the things that science has decided in its collective wisdom are true. “换句话说 科学在集体智慧中 所决定的所有东西就是真理
"How is he going to manage to work effectively with the knowledge that includes all that stuff?" ”他是如何用知识去有效地管理工作 包括所有那些东西的呢？“
Bush believed working in this associative fashion would open up 布什认为这种协同方式的工作将把
the library of human knowledge to us all, liberating our minds from the constraints of linear thinking. 人类知识的收藏开放给我们所有人 把我们的思想从线性思维的束缚中解放出来
Almost half a century later, it was this concept of linking 近半个世纪后 就是这种联系信息的概念
information that was at the heart of Tim Berners-Lee's data retrieval 主宰了蒂姆.伯纳斯李的数据检索系统
system he called the world wide web. 即所谓的万维网
The brain is good at doing those things, first finding 大脑擅长做那些事情 首先发现
those coincidences and then building on them to find the pattern. 那些协同 然后以此为基础找到模型
Berners-Lee built into the design of the web what were called hyperlinks, 伯纳斯李内建于网络设计中的是所谓的超文本链接
the ability to leap from one piece of information to another. 能够从一段信息跳到另一段信息
But the question is whether hyperlinked associative thinking is good for us. 然而问题是超链接协同思想对我们是否有益
In mirroring the way the brain functions, darting from subject 以大脑活动的镜像方式 主题之间的跳跃
to subject in a click, does this make us lazy and easily distracted? 尽在点击之中 这是否会让我们懒惰和容易分心？
I think science shows us that our brain wants to be distracted. 我认为科学告诉我们 我们的大脑会被分心的
In what the web does by bombarding us with stimuli, and with information, 在网络用刺激 用信息来轰击我们的过程中
it really plays to that aspect of our brain. 它其实扮演了我们大脑的角色
It keeps our brain hopping and jumping and unable to concentrate. 它让我们大脑不停忙碌和跳跃 无法集中思想
The internet simply reflects who we are. 互联网简单显示出我们是谁
So our inability to concentrate, our focus on real time, 因此我们不能实时集中注意力
the fact that we're obsessed one week 事实上 我们一个星期迷恋着迈克尔.杰克逊
with Michael Jackson, the next week with Twitter, 下个星期迷恋着Twitter
the week after with terrorism, 一周后又迷恋上恐怖主义
simply reflects that inability to concentrate. 只不过反映了无法集中思想
When you grow up expecting to find information at a moment's notice, 当你长大后希望找到一个即时注意的信息时
what does it do to your ability to internalise information? 你有能力去适应信息吗？
We used to be trained in the discipline of reading and writing at length. 我们习惯于在充分的读写训练中得到培养
Now the generation raised on the web's associative links seem unable 现在 在网络联想性链接长大的一辈似乎无法
to face the rigours of such linear thinking, 面对严酷的线性思维
even, it turns out, at our top universities. 甚至 还反映在我们顶级大学里
What I notice about students from the first day I see them 我注意到同学 从我见到他们第一天开始
when they arrive at university 当时他们刚进大学
is that they ask, nervously, "What do we have to read?" 他们询问 紧张兮兮地 我们要看些什么东西？
And when they are told the first thing they have to read is a book, 当他们被告知首先要看的是书时
they all now groan, which they didn't used to do five or ten years ago. 他们都抱怨连连 他们都5到10年没这么做了
And you say, "Why are you groaning?" And they say, "It's a book. How long is it?" 你问他们 你为何要抱怨？ 他们说 看书 多费功夫啊
Just take your own doctor. 就说你自己的博士
Would you be happy if your doctor simply skimmed the abstracts of 会有多高兴啊 假如你的博士只是略读一下
Lancet and all the major databases, 手术和主要数据库的概要
and never read anything in detail? How happy would you be? 永远不要细读任何东西 你会有多高兴啊
I still think that books are at the heart of what it means to be educated and to try and educate. 我依然认为书是关键 意味着受教育 努力和教育
And I think the generation of students that I teach see books as peripheral. 我觉得我所教的一代学生把书视作无关紧要
I happen to think that long-form reading is very important because you 我突然想到 详读是非常重要的
can learn things from long form that you can never learn from short form. 因为你可以从详读学到你在略读中学不到的东西
You know, you can't read Remains Of The Day 要知道 你不读《去日留痕》
and not come away with a better understanding of life regret. 就不会对人生缺憾有更好的了解
And those are things that you can only get 那些就是你唯有通过读书才可以得到的东西
in sort of book-length reading sessions.
But are these just the grumblings of an older generation? 然而这些只是老一辈的愤愤不平？
Beyond anecdotes, can we find any evidence that the web is really changing how we think? 除了故事外 我们还能够发现网络确实 改变了我们思想的证据吗？
At University College London, 伦敦大学学院
Professor David Nicolas was the first academic to systematically 大卫.尼古拉斯教授是系统学术
study people's online behaviour 研究人们在网上行为的第一人
by analysing millions of anonymous data records. 分析了数以百万计的匿名数据记录
In one survey, he found that 40% of people 在一项调查中 他发现四成的人
never revisit the same web page, 绝不会重访同一个网页
that they only view up to three pages from thousands 他们只会浏览网上数千个网页中的三个
that are available online.
The really big surprise was that people seemed to be skipping 真正令人惊讶的是人们似乎匆匆掠过虚拟景观
over the virtual landscape.
They were popping in from sites, looking at one or two pages 他们穿梭于网站间 看上一两个网页
going to another site, looking at one or two pages and then going on. 就去另一个网站 看上一两页又离开了
Nobody seemed to be staying anywhere for very long. 似乎没人在那里逗留很久
Professor David Nicolas's study hints that the web's hyperlinked 大卫.尼古拉斯教授的研究暗示
network of information may be converting us from thinking linearly 网络的信息超链接可以把我们从线性思维改造成
to thinking associatively. 协同思维
These two types of thinking can be termed fox and hedgehog. 这两类思维可谓是狐狸和刺猬
Foxes are people that embrace all kinds of ideas, 狐狸就是可以接受各种思想的人
like the wisdom of the crowd, bounce from here and there 好像有一大堆智慧 到处涌出
and pick things up and that's how they acquire their knowledge. 然后挑选 那就是他们获取知识的方法
Then there are hedgehogs. 再来说说刺猬
Hedgehogs like one big idea, they repeat, 刺猬就像是有大想法的人 他们重复
they go back to the same source. 回到同一个源头
These people like the peer-evaluated environment because they are certain of that. 这些人喜欢对等评价环境 因为他们坚信那个
These people represent quite a different group of people. 这些人代表了相当多的不同人群
Now we want to find out whether the younger generations are becoming more fox like than hedgehog. 现在我们来看看年轻一代是否 是变得像狐狸胜过像刺猬
So we've joined forces with UCL in a unique experiment, that you too 我们和伦敦大学的小组开展了一项独特的实验
can take part in online, to find out which species of web animal you are. 你可以在网上加入实验 来看看你是何种网络物种
Our aim is to discover the impact the web is having on our brains. 我们的目的是发现网络对我们大脑的影响
Is this test a genuine first? 这个实验真的是首创吗？
Absolute first, a global first. 据对首创 全球第一
Nobody has ever done this before. Nobody even knows what will come out of it. 以前从来没人做过这个实验 甚至没人知道会有什么结果
To give us a first indication, we've brought together 100 people who represent different ages, genders. 要让我们获得第一手资料 我们已经召集了100人 代表不同的年龄和性别
Some use the web rarely, others all the time. 有些人难得上网 其他人则一直在上网
Look at your screen, concentrate on what you have to do, click start and that game will begin. 看着你们的屏幕 专注你们要做的 点击开始 游戏就开始了
We are especially interested in the 12 and 18-year-old age groups because 我们特别感兴趣于12岁和18岁组 因为
their brains have been formed only knowing life with the web. 他们大脑已经形成了只知道网上生活
How does their behaviour compare to people who rarely use the web 如何将他们的行为与很少上网的人
and to serial users like myself? 以及像本人这样一直上网的人进行比较呢？
Got to look at the pictures, got to look at the numbers, got to look at the letters, got to make a decision. 看着图片 看着数字 看着字母 作出判断
Is it an odd number, is it an even number, is it a vowel, is it a consonant? Aagghh. 是不是奇数 是不是偶数 是不是元音 是不是辅音 啊
It's a bit too much for my brain. 真是搞我的脑筋
The results from our initial survey of 100 volunteers seem 我们100位志愿者的初步调查结果似乎
to confirm what many suspect. 证明了许多疑点
Generation Web seemed to display more fox-like behaviour. 网络一代似乎表现出更多的狐狸行为
They answered their questions 他们回答了自己的问题
after looking at half the number of web pages 就看了半数的网页
and only spending one sixth of the time viewing the information 浏览信息的时间只用了他们长辈的六分之一
that their elders did.
So it seems pretty clear to me that for good or ill, 因此似乎很清楚地向我表明了 不管好歹
the younger generation is being remoulded by the web. 年轻一代正被网络所改造
Facebook's feedback loops are revolutionising how they relate. Facebook的反馈循环正颠覆着他们的联系
There's empirical evidence now that information overload and associative 现在实验证明了 信息泛滥和协同思维
thinking may be reshaping how they think. 可以重塑他们的思想
For many, this seems to be a bleak prospect. 对许多人来说 这似乎是个暗淡的前景
Young people, bouncing and flitting through a thoughtless, throwaway virtual world. 年轻人 活跃在不成熟的浮躁的虚拟世界里
But are we being too harsh? 但是我们是否太苛刻了？
Are we failing to spot something valuable about this new culture? 我们是不是忽视了这个新文化的某些优点呢？
We go on singing the old song of fragmentation and alienation because 我们继续着分裂与异化的老调 因为
every society always looks at the preceding age 每个社会总是关注以前
while living in the current one. 虽然身在当前
Never sees the age it is living in. 从不看身处的岁月
You may be surprised to learn that this was recorded in the 1960s and 你也许会惊讶地得知 这是1960年代的录音
the person speaking was the Canadian maverick thinker, Marshall McLuhan. 说话人是加拿大特立独行的思想家 马歇尔.麦克卢汉
In 1968, McLuhan took up a year's professorship in New York. 1968年麦克卢汉在纽约做了一年的教授
It was the perfect destination for him as he was enthralled by the hustle and bustle of modern life. 那对他是个理想之地 因为他追求现代生活的喧嚣与繁华
He positively welcomed the kind of future 他热切向往未来的样子
that the web has now given us. 现在网络已经给了我们
McLuhan thought that the coming of the electronic age would speed up 麦克卢汉认为电子时代的到来将会加速
the movement of information, 信息的流动
injecting new life into the mundane mechanical era. 为平淡的机械时代注入新的生命
He thought that the rules, regulations and beliefs of the 19th century 他认为19世纪的规章制度和信条
would be overturned as we were forced to dance to the faster rhythm 将被颠覆 我们将被迫加快电子信息循环的步伐
of the electronic information loop.
In the 1960s, he told a story of how in the future, we'll all be connected 在1960年代 他阐述了在未来 我们将如何实时地链接在一起
in real time and our messages will sort of just flow 我们的信息将会流动起来
as if we were sitting next to each other. 仿佛我们相互紧挨着
You know as if we were right there 你要知道 要是我们当时在场
and that is just a profound thing to say in 1968. 那只是一个在1968年说的深奥的东西
I'm off to visit web entrepreneur Jonah Peretti, who believes 我去拜访网络创业者乔纳.佩雷蒂
McLuhan's dreams are now playing out in Homo Interneticus. 他认为麦克卢汉的梦想现在正表现在网络人身上
That spoof cat videos and dancing men are actually 那种恶搞猫视频和跳舞人实际上
evidence of a sophisticated, interactive culture at work. 证明了复杂的互动文化的作用
McLuhan realised that people always judge new media 麦克卢汉意识到人们判断新媒体总是
by the standards of old media. 依靠旧媒体的标准
So in this case, you see that the internet is all about social 因此既然这样 你就看到了互联网整个就是
relationships and the network, 社会关系和网络
but people still judge it as if it were static content. 但是人们判断它还是仿佛它是静态的范围
So you look at it and you say, "Oh, this is a silly cat video," 因此你看到它就会说 噢 “傻冒的猫视频”
and judge it as content, instead of saying, "This is something 以内容来判断它 而不是说 “那是一个人
"that one person created in their garage, that three other people collaborated on ”在自己车库里创造的 有另外三个人合作帮村的
"and added to, that is now being used to satirise a political campaign." “现在被用来讥讽政治竞选”
And that it's part of a web of creativity and a network of sharing 那是网络创造力和网络共享的一部分
that is more interesting and important than the media itself. 要比媒体本身更加有趣 更加重要
I think a lot of people would look at so much of what goes on online. 我想好多人会上网去看这样的东西
The memes, the silliness, the kittens that are stuffed inside 同样 无聊 小猫塞在玻璃花瓶里面
glass vases and all those kinds of things that literally get 那种东西到处散布 确实心烦
sent around everywhere as a distraction,
as a bit of a waste of time, as not particularly worthwhile, but at 有点浪费时间 没有什么价值 但是同时
the same time, you're seeing it as something that has a sophistication. 你要看到它是个复杂的东西
Oh, yeah. When you think about things that are a waste of time, 噢 是啊 要是你想到浪费时间的东西
think about the average sitcom, or the average Hollywood movie, 想想普通的情景喜剧 或普通的好莱坞电影
you sit there passively, there's not really much to do except for just 你被动地坐在那里 其实没什么要做的
passively consume this media that is for the lowest common denominator. 除了被动地去消费这个媒体 就是最低的共同点了
When you look at viral culture, what you see is people much more engaged. 要是你留意病毒培养 你会看到人们兴趣盎然
So, you mentioned kittens in glasses. 所以你提及玻璃里的小猫
The bonsai kitten project was a fake site 盆景猫项目是个骗子网站
that made it look like instructions for how to make bonsai kittens 它让自己看上去像是指导如何制作盆景猫
where you put them in jars and they get funny shapes 你把它们放进罐子里 它们会产生有趣的形状
and you can make your very own. 你可以做出你非常个性的东西
It was a total prank and the person who created it 它整个是恶搞 创造它的人推出它
launched it by telling a bunch of animal rights activists about it saying, "You'll love this!" 来告诉一帮动物权利活动家 称 “你们会喜欢这个样子的！”
He knew that they would freak out and hate it and send it all around, 他知道他们会抓狂的 恼怒不已 并四处散发
but then as a consumer when you see you have to go through 但另一方面 你作为用户来看 你还必须承受
a sophisticated thought process where you say, "It's a joke. 一个复杂的思维过程 你会说 这是个玩笑
"I think it's funny and I like it and I'll send it to people," or, 我觉得很有趣 我好喜欢 我要发给别人去看 或者
"It's a joke and I think it's still offensive 这是个玩笑 我认为它很可恶
"and I'm going to fight it and act and organise." 我要和它斗争 行动起来
It breaks people into groups about how they feel about it and they can 它把人群分 按照他们的感觉 它们可以
react and interact with the media and become part of the story, 回应媒体 与之互动 成为故事的一部分
where the people are powering the media, 人们影响媒体的情况
that is spreading around and changing and evolving. 就是不断传播 不断改变 不断发展
Once you figure out some of the principles 一旦你明白了网上传播的某些原理
of how things spread online,
how do you make something that when people see it, 那么 你如何去做些东西 一旦人们看到它
they want to share it, pass it along, bring more people in? 就想分享它 进行传播 带来更多的人呢？
It can work for silly things or for serious things. 它可以服务于无聊的东西或严肃的东西
The apparently superficial culture of young people on the web 网上年轻人的貌似肤浅的文化
can have a serious side and a direct impact on the real world. 可以有其严肃的一面 会直接影响到现实世界
One of the most powerful examples for me 我有一个最有力的例子
can be seen in how Generation Web is re-engaging with politics. 可以看到Generation网站是如何重新参与政治的
What is required of us now is a new era of responsibility, 我们现在需要的是勇于负责的新时代
a recognition on the part of every American 每个美国人都承认
that we have duties to ourselves, our nation and the world. 我们对我们自己 我们国家以及世界的责任
I made the decision in February of 2007 to a leave from Facebook 我在2007年2月作出决定 离开Facebook
and go work full-time for the Obama campaign. 全身心为奥巴马竞选服务
The campaign from the start was really interested in running 竞选一开始其实关注的是调动基层的积极性
a bottom's up grass roots initiative,
which happened to intersect directly 这刚好与2006、2007、2008年
with everything that was happening online in 2006, 2007, 2008. 网上发生的一切直接相交
Barack Obama! 巴拉克.奥巴马！
The young users of YouTube, Facebook, MySpace, and Twitter YouTube、Facebook,、 MySpace、Twitter上的年轻人
became central to the campaign. 成了竞选的中心
We had members of congress on Twitter, we had protesters organising 我们有国会议员在Twitter上 我们有通过
through Twitter outside, we had the president Twitter组织起来的示威者 我们有在Twitter上的总统
on Twitter using it to campaign 利用它来竞选
and we had everyone in the country, well, not everyone, 我们有国内的每一个人 哦 不是每个人
but a lot of folks, using Twitter to express their opinions 而是大量的民众 利用Twitter来表达他们
on the hot topics, so we had the entire spectrum. 对热点问题的意见 这样我们就有了整个范围
During the election year, Obama had three million Facebook friends 在选举年 奥巴马有300万个Facebook朋友
and studies show a third of all under-30-year olds 研究表明 其中三分之一不足30岁
used social networking to communicate their politics. 他们利用社交网络来传达他们的政见
That figure was negligible four years earlier. 那个数字在四年前是微不足道的
Two thirds watched political videos online, 三分之二的人观看了在线政治视频
a quarter forwarded them on or re-mixed the material. 四分之一的人转发或重新编排了素材
# Cos I got a crush on Obama #因为我已经迷上了奥巴马
# I can't wait till 2008 Baby, you're the best candidate... # #我已无法等到2008 宝贝 你是最好的候选人...#
What we were able to do was figure out how people could do it their way 我们能做的就是找到人们如何去表达的途径
and there was, really, a groundswell 确实 充满活力 热情高涨
of energy and enthusiasm, both in terms of fund-raising 不仅在资金筹措方面
but also in terms of time spent volunteering for the campaign. 而且还在为竞选的志愿服务所花的时间方面
America, we have come so far, we have seen so much, 美国 我们已经走得很远了 我们已经看到了很多
but there is so much more to do. 但是还有很多需要继续努力
Election night in Chicago was something I think everyone who 芝加哥选举夜就是我觉得每一个人
was there would say would never happen again. 都会说再也不会发生了
It was indescribable. 简直难以形容
It was a really important moment for the country, above everything else. 这是一个对国家非常重要的时刻 至高无上
We were all so emboldened by the fact that not only had we done it, 我们都深受现实的鼓舞 我们不仅做到了
but we'd done it differently 而且还做得与众不同
and that made everything all the more powerful. 使所有的一切更加强大
The technology of the web, with its feedback loops and associative connections, 网络的技术 以其反馈循环和协同关系
appears to have attracted young people to politics on a scale that hasn't been seen for generations. 似乎吸引年轻人到政治上达到了 几代人从未见到过的规模
All around the world, as we've seen, young people, for better or worse, 世界各地 如我们所见 年轻人 不管好歹
are harnessing the power of the web to fight their causes. 正在利用网络的力量来奋斗他们的目标
From the uprising in Iran... 从伊朗的暴动
..to the young Russian hackers 到年轻的俄罗斯黑客
who claim to have launched cyberwar against Estonia... 他们声称发动了对爱沙尼亚的网络战争
..they recognise the power of the web to connect and collaborate. 他们认识到了网络连接与协作的力量
For many this is a very positive development. 对许多人来说 这是一个非常积极的发展
Web guru Steven Johnson believes ultimately, collaboration, 网络大师史蒂芬.约翰逊认为最终 协作
a kind of pooling of intelligence allowed by the web, 一种网络所允许的信息汇集
has always been a key driver of human progress. 一直就是人类进步的主要推动力
One of the things about ideas that is so interesting is that we have 关于思想如此有趣的情况之一就是
this myth that they come to people in a eureka moment, 我们有这样一个神话 他们让人们迎来了尤里卡时刻
where somebody is sitting in their study and they think, 有人坐着研究与沉思
"Ah! I understand gravity!" Or, "I understand how to build a nuclear reactor!" 啊！我明白了重力！或 我明白了如何去建造核反应堆！
But in fact what tends to happen much more than we realise is that ideas are much more collaborative. 但是事实上 往往更加出乎我们意料的 是思想更为协同
If you look at the history of invention 你不妨来看看发明史
what you find is that inventions are 你会发现 发明明显是侧重于以城市为中心
dramatically disproportionately centred in urban areas.
One of the great things about cities is that they are filled with these 城市的亮点之一就是其中充满了公共场所
public spaces like a coffee shop where people come together 如咖啡馆 人们聚在一起
who might have some shared interest, but come from different backgrounds, work for different companies, 他们可以共同分享一些爱好 却是来自不同背景 供职于不同的公司
artists meeting writers or film makers. 艺术家碰上作家或制片人
And in that point of convergence, they sit around and they talk 在那种聚集点里 他们坐在一起交谈
and they share ideas and it becomes a kind of connected space. 他们交流思想 成为了一种联系的空间
So the web is in some senses a sort of virtual version 因此网络在某种意义上就好象是
of what cities have historically done. 城市历史功能的虚拟版本
You have lots of people connected in a way 你把很多人联系起来的方式
that was never possible before and part of it this basic principle 是绝不可能照搬照抄这种基本原则
built into the architecture of the web. 来构建网络的架构
The web is at its core a platform for linking things. 网络是联系平台的核心
When you look at a city, 你可以看一下城市
with its teeming masses of people, 其中挤满了众多人群
each of whom have their own dreams, 每个人都有着自己的梦想
desires and expectations, it shouldn't work, 欲望和期待 它不应该有什么作用
but it does. 但是它做到了
So could it be that the essence of what makes a city truly great, 因此可以说它是让城市产生真正亮点的精髓
the gossip, connections, the serendipity, 流言蜚语 人际关系 意外发现
can also work on the web? 也可以运用在网络上吗？
I believe that at best, the web can be like an exciting, innovative 我认为充其量 网络可以是令人兴奋的 创新的
metropolis that eventually could benefit the younger generations. 大都会 最终可能会造福年轻一代
Earlier, we saw that some people view South Korea, 此前 我们看到有些人把韩国 -
the most wired nation on earth, as a nightmarish vision of web addiction. 世界上最联网的国家 - 视为网络成瘾的噩梦般景象
But along with the downsides come hidden benefits. 但是阴影面的背后同时隐藏着收益
As young South Koreans grow up in their super-charged digital world, 随着年轻的棒子们在 他们超级受控的数字世界里长大
they regularly top the world's education league tables. 他们经常荣登世界教育排名榜的榜首
I'm meeting the President of the Korean National Information Society Agency, who claims that Korean 我见到了韩国国家信息社会局的局长 他声称
children's advanced achievement is not due only to great education system, 韩国儿童的先进成果 并不能仅仅归功于大教育体系
but because from an early age, 而是因为从小开始
they interact and work together on the web. 他们就在网上一起互动和活动
This generation is growing up with the web. 这一代是随着网络成长的
It is growing up with it as part of their education system, 随之成长作为他们教育体系的一部分
what hopes and expectations do you have for them in the world when they grow up? 你对他们在成长过程中究竟有些什么希望和期待呢？
I look forward to that. 我充满期待
Every kid starts with an incredible an incredible amount of curiosity. 每个孩子一开始都具有极大的好奇心
Why are some materials string? Why are some materials weak? 为何有些物质坚硬？为何有些物质脆弱？
Well, you know, I asked that when I was a kid and nobody could answer. 啊 要知道 我小时候问起 没人能回答我
Now, my son will get the answers and want to ask more questions. 现在 我儿子就会得到答案了 并想提出更多的问题
So I think it is a huge change. 因此我想这是个巨大的变化
Human civilisation as a whole is now 人类文明作为一个整体 现在正
witnessing the connection of people 见证着世界各地的人们
everywhere on Earth through this web, 通过这个网络联系在一起
in ways that actually do mimic the growth of a human brain. 它实际上是在模仿人脑的发育
And the analogy is imperfect. 这个比喻并不恰当
But it's also real. 但也确实是这回事
We are seeing the emergence of a global brain. 我们看到了全球大脑的出现
In this series, we've seen the importance of studying the impact 在这个剧集里 我们看到了对网络
of the web on all our lives. 对我们生活影响进行研究的重要性
The web appears to give us all a voice and to level society. 网络显然给了我们大家一个声音 去推倒社会
But we've seen that the ongoing cycle of this virtual revolution 但是我们已经看到 这个虚拟革命的不断循环
is also encouraging mega brands 也刺激着大名牌
that track and trade us, 跟踪和买卖我们
and governments that can spin and spy as never before. 刺激着政府可以空前地欺骗和监视
The way in which small groups of elites dominate 这样 在一小撮精英主宰的文化 政治 经济等方面
in cultural, political and economic terms,
it reflects our values, our narcissism, 它反映了我们的价值观 我们的自恋
our views, our obsessions. 我们的观点 我们的困扰
Even as it opens up extraordinary new possibilities, the web is weighed down 虽然它洞开了非凡的新的可能性 网络还是受制于
by the limits of our imagination, our desire to profit and control. 我们想象力的限制 我们对利润和控制的欲望
The web holds up a mirror to human nature, the good and the bad. 网络掌握着人性的镜子 亦好亦坏
Yet in this film, we've seen the new generation 然而在本片中 我们看到了新一代
not just reflected in the web, but maybe evolving with it. 不仅表达在网络上 而且还可能去演变它
My hope is that the web will eventually show us new horizons, 我希望网络最终会展现出新的前景
liberate humanity and change human nature for the better. 解放人类 把人性改变得更好
All this great stuff that's emerging in social media 出现在社会媒体中的所有这些伟大的东西
is people trying to find new, interesting ways of communicating. 就是人们正在努力寻找的新的 有趣的沟通方式
To become more efficient, become more engaged, become more informed, 为了变得更加有效 变得更加参予 变得更加见多识广
and I think it leads, ultimately, to having more empathy. 我想它最终会导致更多的同情
The web isn't going to, you know, solve disease or solve poverty. 要知道 网络不会解决疾病 解决贫困
But it makes it so people can share information more effectively and know what's going on out there, 但是它确实让人们可以分享信息更加有效 了解外面发生的事情
and when people are better informed, people can make better decisions. 人们一旦见多识广了 就可以作出更好的判断了
Hopefully social change happens gently. 可以指望社会变革温和地发生
The sort of thing which the internet brings, by connecting people, 互联网带来的那些东西 通过人际沟通
is openness and understanding of other people's ideas, on a good day. 是开放性的 是对其他人的思想的了解 美好的日子
So I hope we have a lot of those good days. 所以我希望我们有更多的那种好日子
We have the knowledge of the ages gathered for us to browse in our pockets. 我们掌握的时代召集我们浏览我们的隐私
And if we seriously think that's a bad thing, if we seriously think 如果我们真的认为那是个坏事 如果我们真的认为
that's something we should turn our backs on or sniff at, 那是我们应该回避或嗤之以鼻的
then we really deserve a slapping. 那么我们真的值得赞扬了
This is astounding technology 这是惊人的技术
and we should take a moment to celebrate the power 我们应该花点时间去庆贺其威力
and the reach it gives us across time and across ideas 它让我们跨越时间 跨越思想
and across continents, both past, future and present, 跨越大陆 无论过去 将来和现在
to connect with people. 人际沟通
Perhaps the most amazing thing about this revolution 或许这个革命最惊人之处
is we've seen all of this profound change over just twenty years. 就是我们看到了在短短20年里的整个这种深刻的变化
This isn't the end... 这不是结束
it is merely the beginning. 它只是个开端
Don't forget to go online and take part in our web behaviour test. 别忘了上网 去参予我们的网络行为测试
With your help, this major experiment will discover 借助你的帮助 这个重要的实验将会发现
the impact the web is having on our brains. 网络对我们大脑的影响
As well as fox and hedgehog behaviour, 除了狐狸和刺猬行为外
we've identified other key web species. 我们还确认了其他主要的网络物种
What kind of web animal are you? 你是何种网络动物呢？
Visit... 请访问....
..where you can also follow the links to the Open University 你可以跟随公开大学的链接
for more from those reshaping the web and the world. 更多内容尽在那些重塑网络和世界中