中文字幕由yinux翻译整理，2004年3月 注：译者并未赞同影片的所有观点
I was at the Agenda 2000 那是在2000年例会（Agenda 2000）期间
and uh, one of the people who was there was Craig Mundie, 参加人的里有个叫Craig Mundie的家伙
who is some kind of high mucky muck at Microsoft, 是Microsoft公司的一个大头头
I think uh, vice-president of consumer products or something like that. 我觉得，嗯，是管客户产品的副总裁吧，或是 和那差不多的大头。
And uh, I hadn't actually met him 实际上，我并未和他正式会面
I, I, I, uh, bumped in to him in an, in an elevator... in an elevator 我...我只是碰巧在电梯里撞见他的
And uh, I looked at his badge and said, "Oh, I see you work for Microsoft." 我看了看他的徽章说： “哦，你替Microsoft工作的吧。”
And he looked back to me and said, "Oh, yeah and what do you do?" 他回头看了我，说：“哦，是的。你呢？”
And I thought he seemed just a sort of a tad dismissive 我想他对我不屑一顾
I mean, here's the archetypal, you know, guy in a suit 我的意思是，他是那种典型的，西装革履的家伙
looking at a scruffy hacker 瞧着一个衣衫不整的黑客
And so I gave him the thousand yard stare and said, 我狠狠的瞪了他一眼，说：
"I'm your worst nightmare." “我是你最可怕的噩梦。”
Wonderview Productions PRESENTS Wonderview Productions 出品
A J.T.S. Moore FILM
REVOLUTION OS 操作系统革命
For most its short, but colorful history, 在它短暂而丰富多彩的历史里，
the computer industry has been dominated 计算机工业一直被
by the Windows operating system. Windows操作系统控制着
But that could soon change, 但是，这种情况或许马上将不复存在了
as Windows faces a strong challenge from Linux 因为Windows正面临来自Linux强大的挑战
Silicon Valley has long been the place 一直以来，硅谷是一个
to develop new technology, 不断创造新技术的地方，
start new companies and get really rich. 不断有新公司成立，并创造着财富。
Now The Valley is the front line in a revolution 现在，硅谷又站在了一场革命的前沿
fighting for that most politically incorrect of ideas: 为了一个“政治上不正确”的观念而斗争，
individual freedom 那就是：个体的自由
Day and night, a loose confederation of 夜以继日的，
hackers and programmers zaps bits pieces of 一个由散布在世界各地的黑客和程序员组成的松散组织
computer code around the world as it builds the tools 不停地编写计算机程序代码
to set computer users free 以建立能使计算机用户获得自由的工具
using open information and the free exchange of technology 他们通过公开和自由交流技术
to achieve its goals. 来实现这一目标。
This revolution began in the 1980's with 这场革命始于20世纪80年代
the Free Software Movement and GNU project. 的自由软件运动和GNU计划。
And now is most commonly associated 而今通常与
with Linux and the Open Source Movement. Linux和开源运动（Open Source）联系在一起。
What is Linux? Linux是什么？
We do have one sector that taking off today. 我们今天的一个重要话题，
It is the Linux-related sector. 就是Linux相关的问题。
And I thought this might be a good opportunity to say, 我想这也许是一个回答：
"What is Linux?" “Linux是什么？”的好机会。
And I'll answer this question for you. 我接下来就回答这个问题
Many of you probably already know, 或许你们中的很多人已经知道答案了，
but There are 12 million users out there 你看，它拥有1200万的用户
A computer Operating System developed by hundreds of 它是由成百上千个
programmers collaborating on the Internet 程序员通过Internet协作开发的计算机操作系统
A challenge to Microsoft Windows NT 它是对Microsoft Windows NT系统的挑战
Very popular for its speed 它由于运行效率高而广受欢迎
and so this's what the craze is about 这正是它受到追捧的焦点
To kind of explain what Linux is you have to 要解释Linux是什么，
explain what an Operating System is 先得了解操作系统的概念
And... the thing about Operating System is you, I mean... ...操作系统就是，我想就是...
you're never ever supposed to see it. 你永远不需要面对它
Because... 因为...
nobody really uses an Operating System, 没有人直接去使用一个操作系统，
people use... programs... on their computer 人们使用...程序...在他们的计算机上
And the only mission in life 而操作系统的唯一使命
of an operating system is to help those programs run. 是去帮助那些程序运行起来。
So an operating system never does anything on its own 所以一个操作系统永远不会单独完成什么任务
It's only waiting for the programs to 他只是等待其他程序去
ask for certain resources 请求某些资源
or ask for some files on the disks or ask for the programs to 请求磁盘文件，或协助程序
connect them to the outside world. 与外部世界取得联系。
And then the operating system comes, steps in and then 操作系统就这样一步步的发展起来了
tries to make it easy for people to write programs 它大大降低了程序编制工作的难度
And, What is Open Source? 那么，什么是“开放源码(Open Source)”呢？
Open Source is a way for people to collaborate “开放源码”是人们协作开发软件的一种方式，
on software without being encumbered by all of the problems of intellectual property, 它能使人们免遭知识产权保护的阻碍
having to negotiate contracts every time you buy a piece of software, 你不需要在每次购买软件时去商议合同问题
have a lot of lawyers involved. 不需要费神整天找律师。
In general, we just wanna get software to work 我们的目的很简单，就是让软件能工作起来，
and we want be able to have 同时我们希望
people contribute fixes to that, etc.. 人人都能为软件的修改完善出份力，等等...
So we sort of sacrifice some of 为此，我们从某种程度上说，自愿牺牲了一些
the intellectual property rights 知识产权上的权力
and just let the whole world use the software 这样，全世界都能使用这些软件
Before there could be Linux 在Linux出现之前
There was Richard Stallman and the Free Software Movement. 就已经有了Richard Stallman和他倡导的自由软件运动
They think of Richard Stallman as the... 人们把Richard Stallman看作...
great philosopher, right. 伟大的哲学家，的确如此。
And think of me as the engineer 而把我看作一个实践者
Richard Stallman is the founding father of the Free Software Movement. Richard Stallman是自由软件运动的创始人
Through his efforts to build the GNU Operating System. 通过在构架GNU操作系统过程中的努力
He created the legal, philosophical and technological foundation 他为自由软件运动在法律上、哲学上以及技术上
for the Free Software Movement. 打下了基础
Without these contributions, 没有他的这些贡献
it's unlikely that Linux and Open Source 就不太可能让Linux和“开放源码”
would have evolved in to their current forms today 发展到今天这样的规模。
I joined the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab in 1971, 我于1971进入麻省理工学院人工智能实验室，
I joined... a thriving community of hackers, 我加入了...一个活跃的黑客团体
people who loved programming, 一个热衷编写程序者的团体，
loved exploring the what they could do with computers. 他们热衷于探索如何利用计算机来工作
And they had developed a complete Operating System, 而且他们已经开发出了一个完整的操作系统
entirely written there. 开发工作完全是在社团中完成的。
And I became one of the team, that 我成为了这个团队中的一员，
continued to improve the Operating System, adding new capabilities 继续完善这个操作系统，加入新的功能
That was my job, and I loved it, we all loved it. That's why we were doing it. 那就是我所做的工作，我热爱它，我们都热爱它。 这就是我们工作的动力。
And [clears throat] we called our system [清嗓子]我们把我们的系统称为
"the Incompatible Time Sharing System" “不相容分时系统（Incompatible Time Sharing System）”
which is the example of the 这个名字反映了黑客们的嬉皮风格。
playful spirit 而嬉皮风格
which defines a hacker. 是黑客的标准之一。
Hackers are people who enjoy playful cleverness. 黑客是一群顽皮的聪明人
Well, it first started going wrong 嗯，我们的工作一开始误入了歧途
as the outside world started pressuring us to have passwords. 外界给我们施压，让我们加入口令系统
We didn't have any passwords on our computer. 我们从不给电脑设置密码
And the reason was that the hackers 原因是
who'd originally designed the system 最初设计这个系统的黑客们
realized that passwords were a way the administrators could control all the users. 意识到口令系统给了管理员控制所有用户的手段
And they didn't want to build tools 他们不想开发这样的工具
you know, locks and keys for the administrators to control them, 你知道，就象锁和钥匙，让管理员来控制
so they just didn't do it. They left that out 所以他们不干这样的事，他们把那部分省略了
And we had the philosophy that whoever sitting at the computer 我们的理念是，无论谁坐在电脑前面
should be able to do whatever he wants 都应该有权做他想做的事
and somebody else who was there yesterday shouldn't be controlling what you do today 在你之前操作电脑的人 也不应该控制你能在电脑上做什么
When they put passwords onto one of the machines at MIT 当他们在MIT的某台机器上建立口令时
I and bunch of other hackers didn't like it, 我和其他一群黑客不喜欢这样
I decided to try a subversive sort of hack.[clears throat] 所以我决定试着去黑它一下[清嗓子]
I figured out how to decode the passwords, 我破解了口令的解密算法
so by looking the database of encoded passwords 这样，通过读取存放加密口令的数据库
I could figure out what each person would actually type to login 我就能解算出每个人登陆时的输入信息（密码）
And so I sent messages to people, saying, 然后我发消息给他们，说
"Hello? I see that you've chosen the password mumble, “你好？我知道你的口令是mumble，
whatever it was. How about if you do as I do 或者是其他什么。你不如象我一样
just type Enter for your password 仅仅用回车做你的密码
it's much shorter, much easier to type". 这短多了，输入更方便。”
And... of course with this message I was 嗯...当然，通过发送这样一个消息
implicitly telling them the security was really just a joke. 我含蓄的告诉他们，所谓安全只是一个笑话。
Anyway, but in addition I was letting them in on this hack. 不管怎样，通过这个黑客行动我使他们听从了我的建议。
And eventually, A fifth of all users on that computer joined me 最后，那台机器的使用者中有五分之一的人象我一样
in using just Enter as their passwords. 只用回车作为他们的口令。
[ Where did the ideas that lead to what is now called Open Source world? [现在称之为开源世界的想法最初是怎么来的？
How did that begin? Who began that? ] 它是如何形成的？是谁提出的？]
It actually began with the start of computers because at that time 确切的说，这想法是和计算机同时诞生的
software was just passed around between people 因为在那时软件是在人们之间相互分发的
And I think it was only like in the lates 70's or early 80's 我想是到了70年代末80年代初的时候
That people started really closing up their software, 人们才真正开始封闭他们的软件
And saying, "No, you can never get a look at the source code. 然后说，“不，这源代码你看一眼都不可以。
You can't change the software even if it's necessary 你不可以修改这个软件，
for you to fix it, for your own application" 即使出于完善它的目的，或是为了你自己的应用需要。”
And... um, you can actually blame some of that on Microsoft, ...嗯，你其实可以把这一切怪罪于Microsoft，
They are one of the real pioneers of the proprietary software model. 他们是倡导软件版权的先锋之一。
In the mid 1970's, a group of hackers 在20世纪70年代中叶，一帮黑客
and computer hobbyist in Silicon Valley formed the "Homebrew Computer Club". 和计算机爱好者在硅谷成立了“家酿计算机俱乐部”
In the club January 31, 1976 newsletter, 在该俱乐部1976年1月31日的时事通讯里显示，
Bill Gates of the recently formed Microsoft, 来自刚成立的Microsoft公司的Bill Gates
wrote an open letter to the community 给社区写了一封公开信
where he made a point by point argument for the relatively new concept of proprietary software 他逐点阐述了软件产权相关的新观念
up to that point, the practice of computer users had been to freely pass around software 直到那时，计算机用户仍然保持着自由分发传递软件的习惯
with not much thought given to its ownership 而不怎么考虑软件的所有权
Known as An Open Letter to Hobbyists, Bill Gates writes, 作为一封给计算机迷的公开信，Bill Gates这样写到，
"To me the most critical thing in the hobby market right now “我认为在爱好者中当前最严峻的问题是
is the lack of good software courses, books and software itself. 缺少好的软件教程，好书和好的软件。
Without good software and an owner who understands programming, 不懂编程的计算机用户如果没有好的软件，
A hobby computer is wasted. 他的计算机就是一种浪费。
Will quality software be written for the hobby market?" 业余爱好者能写出高质量的软件吗？”
Gates goes on to write, "The feedback we have gotten from Gates继续写道，“我们从
the hundreds of people who say they are using BASIC has all been positive. 成千上万BASIC用户的反馈证明了这一点。
Two surprising things are apparent, however. 然而，两件令人惊讶的事情却是显而易见的。
1) Most of these "users" never bought BASIC, and 1）这些“用户”多数从没有购买过BASIC，
2) The amount of royalties we have received from sales to hobbyists 2）我们通过向爱好者销售软件得到的版税收入
makes the time spent on of Altair BASIC worth less than 2 dollars an hour 相当于在开发BASIC软件上耗费的工时只值不足2美元一小时
Why is this? 为什么会这样？
As the majority of hobbyists must be aware, 大多数的爱好者应该心中有数，
most of you steal your software. 你们中的大多数人盗用了别人的软件。
Hardware must be paid for but software is something to share. 硬件必须付钱但是软件却可以共享。
Who cares if the people who worked on it get paid? 谁关心那些为此工作的人有没有应得的报酬？
Is this fair? 这公平吗？
One thing you don't do by stealing software 而且，你们盗用软件后即使遇到了问题
is get back at MITS for some problem you may have had 也不会向MITS反馈。你们不仅让
MITS doesn't make money selling software. MITS靠卖软件赚不到任何钱，
One thing you do do is prevent good software from being written. 你们的所做所为还阻碍了好软件的问世。
Who can afford to do professional work for nothing? 谁能把没有收入的工作做为自己的职业？
What hobbyist can put 3-man years into programming, 什么样的业余爱好者能为编程投入3人年的力量，
finding all bugs, documenting his product and distribute it for free? 去找出软件中所有缺陷，为产品写文档并把它免费发放出去？
The fact is, 事实是，
no one besides us has invested a lot of money in hobby software. 只有我们在业余软件上投资了一大笔钱。
What about the guys who resell Altair BASIC? 那些转卖Altair BASIC的人呢？
Aren't they making money on hobby software? 他们难道不是在靠业余软件来挣钱吗？
Yes, but those who have been reported to us may lose in the end. 是的，然而那些我们所知的转卖者最终会受到谴责。
They are the ones who give hobbyists a bad name, 他们就是败坏业余爱好者名声的人，
and should be kicked out of any club meeting they show up at. 他们该被逐出所有的俱乐部活动。
I would appreciate letters from anyone who wants to pay up, 欢迎任何要购买软件的人，或是
or has a suggestion or comment. 有任何建议或意见的人给我来信。
Signed Bill Gates, General partner, Micro-Soft. 署名为Bill Gates，Micro-Soft合伙人。
In the late 70's and early 1980's, Richard Stallman was 在70年代未80年代初，Richard Stallman
doing Artificial Intelligence research and coding 一直在MIT的人工智能实验室
at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab. 做人工智能方面的研究以及编写代码。
Richard had a number of negative experiences 在那段时间里，Richard 所经历的一些事
during that period which soured him 使得他对商业软件的整个观念
on the whole idea of commercial software. 感到不快。
[ such as? ] [比如说？]
uh... some company wanted to work on and wanted to fix was locked up. 嗯...一些公司继续开发完善软件的愿望被限制了。
and he couldn't get the company on the code to let him fix it 他无法从软件公司得到源代码以便做些修改
even though it would have been to their advantage to do so. 哪怕这些修改对软件公司有利都不行。
And that put me into a moral dilemma, you see? 那把我推到了一个道德上的两难境地，你明白吗？
Because to get one of the modern computers of the day, which was the early 80's, 因为在80年代早期要使用一台当时主流的电脑
you would have to get a proprietory operating system. 你必须得到一个授权的操作系统。
The developers of those systems didn't share with other people, 那些系统的开发者并不与他人共享他们的系统，
Instead they tried to control the users, 相反，他们试图控制用户，
dominate the users, restrict them. 支配他们，限制他们。
Say, if to get the system, 因此，如果用这样的系统，
you have to sign a promise you won't share with anybody else. 你必须签署协议保证不给其他人共享。
And to me that was essentially a promise to be a bad person, 对我来说，这个协议本质上就是要我去做坏蛋，
to betray the rest of the world, 去背叛世界上的其他人，
cut myself off from society from a cooperating community. 把我从社会，从一个合作的团体中割裂出来。
And I had already experienced what happened when other people did that to us, 并且我已亲身体验了被人以此相待的感受，
when they refused to share with us. 他们拒绝和我们共享系统。
because they had signed these contracts. 只因为他们签署了这样的协议。
And it hurt the whole lab, 这损害了整个实验室的利益，
it kept us from doing useful things before. 它在阻挠我们做某些有益的工作。
So I just wasn't going to do that. 所以我不准备那么干。
I thought,"This is wrong! I am not going to live this way" 我想“这是错误的！我不要这么生活”
And from experiences like this he developed a profound hostility 有了多次类似经历之后，他对
to the idea of intellectual property and software. 软件知识产权的观念产生了强烈的反感。
He eventually acted this out by founding the Free Software Foundation. 最终他行动起来，创建了自由软件基金会。
So, I looked for another alternative and I realized: 于是，我开始寻找替代品，后来我意识到：
I was an operating system developer. 我是一个操作系统开发者。
If I were to develop another operating system. 如果由我来开发新的操作系统，
And then as the author, encourage everyone to share it. 然后以作者的身份，鼓励其他人共享它。
Say, everyone, " You come and get it, use this, form a new community" 对所有人说：“都来吧，用这个，形成一个新的团体”
Not only could I gave myself a way to keep using computers without 这样做，不单单我自己可以继续使用电脑而无需
betraying other people, but I'd give it to everybody else, too. 背叛他人，其他人也都能如此。
Everybody would have a way out of that moral dilemma 所有人都将走出道德困境
And so I realized this was what I had to do with my life. 然后我意识到这正是我毕生要从事的事业。
I actually began the project in January of 1984. 这个项目实际上开始于1984年1月。
That's when I resigned for my job at MIT 我辞掉了在MIT的工作
to start developing the GNU operating system. 着手开发GNU操作系统。
Now I should explain the name GNU is a hack. 这里我必须提醒GNU这个一词是一种hack说法。
Because it's a recursive acronym. 因为他是首字递归的。
It stands for "GNU's Not Unix". 它来源于“GNU's Not Unix”
You see so the "G" in "GNU" stands for "GNU". 你瞧，“GNU”里的字母“G”代表的是“GNU”
And what the name means is 而这个名字意味着
I was developing a system that was like the Unix operating system, 我在开发的系统很像Unix
but was not the Unix operating system. 但又不是Unix
It was a different system. 而是一个完全不同的系统。
We would have to write it completely from scratch 我们不得不从零开始重写这个系统
because Unix was proprietory. 因为Unix是受版权保护的
We were forbidden to share Unix, 我们无法共享Unix的代码。
We couldn't use Unix. It was useless for a community. 我们无法使用Unix，它对这个社区来说没有价值。
So we had to write a replacement for it. 所以我们只能写一个替代品。
Throughout the 1980s, 整个80年代，
as Richard Stallman was building the GNU project, 当Richard Stallman致力于GNU计划时，
computer scientists from the University of California at Berkeley 加州大学伯克利分校的计算机科学家们
were developing their own free operating system. 也在开发他们自己的自由操作系统
Known as Berkeley Unix, or BSD, 也就是大家所知道的Berkeley Unix,或者叫BSD，
it was based upon the Unix kernel which had been licensed from AT&T. 它基于从AT&T获得授权的Unix内核。
However, due to legal problems with AT&T and fragmentation of the source code, 然而，由于与AT&T间的法律问题和不完整的源代码，
hackers and other non-institutional users were slow to adopt it 黑客们以及其他非机构用户比较难以接受。
Well, Unix consisted of a large number of separate programs 嗯，Unix由大量相互沟通
that communicated with each other. 的独立程序组成。
So we just had to replace these programs one by one. 所以我们只需要把这些程序一个个替换掉。
So what I started doing was writing a replacement for one program, 所以我开始干的事情就是为某个程序写替代品。
and then another, and then another, 然后另一个，再下一个
and then people started joining me, 人们逐渐加入到我的工作中来，
because I published an announcement inviting other people to join me 因为我发表声明公开邀请其他人加入
to help write these programs. 来和我一起写这些程序。
And uh... and by around 1991, we had replaced practically all of them. 然后，嗯...大概到1991年的时候， 我们基本上把所有的程序都替换掉了。
[ What were some of the programs that you ... ] [那些程序，你们...]
Well... we had to... to have a complete system, 嗯...我们必须...拥有一个完整的系统，
you need to have a kernel, which is the program that 你得有一个内核，这个程序
allocates resources to all the other programs, 为其他程序分配资源，
you need a compiler, which translates a program 你得有一个编译器，来把程序
from readable source code that programmers can understand into numbers, 从程序员可读的源代码转换成机器码，
mysterious numbers that the computer can actually run. 真正能在计算机上运行的让人费解的数字。
you need other programs that go with the compiler to help do this job. 你还需要其他程序，来协助编译器完成这个工作。
you need a debugger. 你得有一个调试器。
you need a text editor. 你得有一个文本编辑器。
you need text formatters. 你得有排版工具。
you need mailers... 你得有邮件程序...
you need lots and lots of things. 你需要很多很多东西。
There are hundreds of programs in the Unix-like operating system. 在类Unix系统中有成百上千个这样的程序。
I saw Stallman's announcement. 我看到了Stallman的声明。
Actually I met him in February of 1987. 事实上我在1987年2月见过他。
He came to give a five-day tutorial on Emacs at our company. 他来我们公司进行Emacs的5日教程的讲座。
And during the day he would explain 白天，他给我们介绍
new ways to think about Emacs 使用Emacs的一些新思路
and ways to extend it, enhance it, and to use the Emacs source code 如何扩展，增强它功能，如何利用Emacs的源代码
uh, for better or worse. 嗯，不管是好是坏。
But in the evening, he was busily working on this compiler, 但是到了晚上，他都在为这个编译器而忙碌，
and he had not yet released it to the public, 那时他还没有公开发布这个编译器。
so he was uh, being a little bit uh, careful about 所以他有点，嗯，稍微有点，嗯，警惕，
who, who got to see the source code. 对那些，那些想看看源代码的人。
But I was very eager, and when he first announced it in June, 但是我非常感兴趣， 并且当他在6月首次公布的时候，
I downloaded it immediately. 我立即下载了。
I, I played with it. 我，我研究了一段时间。
I got some, some pointers from him. 我从他那里得到了一些，嗯，一些指点。
And when I sent the source code back to him, 当我把源代码发还给他时，
he was very, 他非常的，
uh, actually amazed that how quickly I was able to ramp up on his technology. 嗯，事实上是惊讶于我能如此迅速的就 了解了他的技术。
Whenever we worked on something 当时我们工作于
at Stanford or in the university, 斯坦福或其他大学，
we would get, mostly at the time 我们绝大多数时间
we were working off machines from Digital Equipment or Sun, mostly Sun. 是在数字设备公司或Sun，主要是Sun的机器上工作。
Whenever we would get a Sun machine, 我们一拿到Sun的机器，
the first thing we would do is we would spend literally days 要做的第一件事情就是，花几天时间
downloading GNU free software from the Internet, 从Internet下载GNU的自由软件。
building it and installing it on that Sun machine. 在Sun的机器上编译并安装。
The crucial thing about GNU is that it's free software. GNU最关键的一点在于，他是自由软件。
And Free Software refers not to price, but to freedom. 这里的“Free”指的不是免费，而是自由。
So think of free speech, not free beer. 所以把它理解成言论自由的自由，而不是免费啤酒。
The freedoms that I am talking about 我现在所说的自由，
are the freedoms to make changes if you want to, 是根据你的意愿进行修改的自由，
or hire somebody else to make changes for you 如果你把它用于商业用途
if you're using a software for your business, 也可以雇人来帮你修改
to redistribute copies, to share with other people, 复制分发，和其他人共享，
and to make improvements and publish them 对它进行改进并予公开
so that other people can get the benefit of them, too. 这样其他人也能从中受益。
And those are the freedoms that distinguish free software from non-free software. 这就是自由软件与非自由软件的区别。
These are the freedoms that enable people to form a community. 这些自由使得它的用户能形成一个团体。
If you don't have all these freedoms, 如果没有这些自由，
you're being divided and dominated by somebody. 你将是孤立的，并且受制于某个人。
My first experience contributing to free software 我第一次做自由软件开发是在
came in late 1989, early 1990. 1989年尾到1990年头的时候。
I was working as a graduate student at Stanford University 我还作为一个研究生工作于斯坦福大学
on Computer Aided Design tools. 研究方向是计算机辅助设计。
One of the pieces I needed was a tool 当时我需要一个工具
called a parser generator. 叫做语法分析生成器。
Well, the Free Software Foundation 嗯，Richard Stallman创建的自由软件基金会
under Richard Stallman created a great tool called "bison". 开发了一个很棒的工具，叫做“bison”。
I needed a tool that worked with C++. Bison worked with C. 我需要一个能够支持C++的工具， 而Bison只支持C语言。
I modified bison to create something called "bison++". 我修改bison，创建了“bison++”。
And it's a tremendous feeling of empowerment 这强烈的触动了我
be able to take a piece of software that was available 你可以获取现存的某个软件，
and create what you needed in a very short piece of time by modifying it. 通过短时间的修改，开发出你所需的东西。
I put it back on the Internet 我把我的修改成果发布到Internet
and I was amazed at the number of people 让我吃惊的是，有那么多的人
that picked it up and started using it. 下载并且开始使用它。
In fact, I remember going to, uh job interviews, 事实上，我记得后来，嗯，工作面试的时候，
I, at various times, considered just going out getting a job. 我，多次的考虑要去找一份工作。
And I'd gone to a job interview. 然后我去参加工作面试。
And I was talking to one of the people, 然后我和其中的一位面试官谈话，
and I started asking them about what tools they used, 然后我和他们谈到他们所使用的工具。
and they said, "Gee, we used bison++!" 然后他们说，“嘿，我们用bison++!”
and I said, "Oh, I am the author of bison++!" 然后我说，“噢，我是bison++的作者!”
Free Software generally does have a copyright. 自由软件一般还是有版权的。
It does have an owner. 它也有所有者。
And it has a license. 有许可协议。
It is not public domain. 并受到版权保护
If we put the software in the public domain, 如果我们放弃软件的版权，
somebody else would be able to make a little bit of changes 有些人就会对它做一些小改动
and turn that into a proprietory software package, 然后把它变成专有软件包。
which means that the users would be running our software, 这意味着，他们的用户运行我们的软件，
but they wouldn't have freedom to cooperate and share. 却没有合作与共享的自由。
To prevent that, we use a technique called "Copyleft". 为防止这种情况发生，我们采用了称之为“copyleft”的手段。
The idea of Copyleft is that it's "Copyright" flipped over. Copyleft就是“Copyright（版权所有）”的反动。
And what we do is, we say, 我们所做的就是，我们声明，
this software is copyrighted 这些软件是受版权保护的
and we, the authors give you permission to redistribute copies, 而我们，软件作者授与你复制分发的权力，
we give you permission to change, 我们给你修改的权力，
we give you permission to add to it. 我们给你增添的权力。
But when you redistribute it, 但是当你重新发布的时候，
it has to be under these terms, no more and no less. 你的软件也必须给出这些授权，不多也不少。
So that whoever gets it from you 所以无论谁从你这里获取软件，
also gets the freedom to cooperate with other people, if he wants to. 也同时得到了与他人合作的自由， 如果他想那么做的话。
And then, in this way everywhere the software goes, 如此一来，这个软件传播到哪里，
the freedom goes, too. 自由也随之而来。
And it becomes an inalienable right 它成为与他人合作和形成社团的
to cooperate with other people and form a community. 不可剥夺的权利。
[ And so, what is that? the license? what was that... ] [那么，它是什么样的？那个许可协议？它是...]
Well, Copyleft being a general idea, 是的，Copyleft只是一个理念，
in order to use it, you have to have specific example. 要应用它，你得有一个具体的实例。
The specific example we use for most GNU software packages 大多数GNU软件包所使用的一个实例
is the GNU General Public License, 就是GNU通用公共许可协议，
a particular document and legalese which accomplishes this job. 以特定的文件和法律术语来达成这个目的。
A lot of other people use that same license, for example, 其他的许多人也使用这个许可协议，例如，
Linus Torvalds uses that license for Linux as well. Linus Torvalds也在Linux上使用这个许可协议。
Well, the license I use is the GNU General Public License. 嗯，我用的许可协议就是GNU通用公共许可协议。
That's the one Richard Stallman wrote. 就是Richard Stallman写的那个。
And I think it is really astounding contribution. 我认为这的确是一个令人惊叹的贡献。
Uh, it's one of the few software licenses that was written 嗯，这是仅有几个
from the standpoint of the community rather than 从大众的角度出发，而不是
from the standpoint of um, protecting a company 从，嗯，保护公司利益角度出发
or um, as is the case with MIT and BSD license 或者，嗯，类似MIT和BSD许可协议的那样
performing the goals of a government grant program. 从政府的立场出发制定的许可协议。
Uh, and the GPL is really unique in that. 嗯，从这点上来说，GPL是独树一帜的。
It's not just a license. It's a whole philosophy that, 它不仅仅是一个许可协议，它是一种哲学
I think, motivated the open source definition. 我想，它推动了“开放源码”的思想。
I don't hide that a lot of what I do came from Stallman. 我从来不隐瞒，我做的很多事都受Stallman的影响。
A crucial step in the growth of GNU/Linux and the Free Software movement GNU/Linux和自由软件运动的转折点之一
was the creation of businesses based upon the software and philosophy. 就是基于这些软件和哲学的商业市场的诞生。
Grown zero for the beginning of the business face 这样的商业应用源于
was the Electronics Research Lab at Stanford University. 斯坦福大学的电子研究实验室。
Known as ERL, the lab was the place for the first GNU 这个叫做ERL的实验室是第一个产生GNU
and Linux business founder inspiration. 和Linux商业应用灵感的地方。
So right here was where ERL was. 这里就是ERL从前的所在地。
That would have been the entrance over there next to the uh, 那里以前曾是入口，就在那儿，嗯
electrical engineering McCullough building. 就在电子工程系McCullough大楼边上。
As you walk in, you come in, you walk down the hallway, down here. 当你走进，走进来，走到走廊尽头，来到这里。
My office would have been about, about here. 我的办公室大概，大概就在这里。
and then right across the hall, from that was Michael Tiemann's office. 然后，穿过大厅，从那里开始 是Michael Tiemann的办公室。
Michael Tiemann took uh.. and started a company, Cygnus Software Michael Tiemann，嗯，开办了一家公司， Cygnus软件公司。
with the idea was to sell consulting and services around the GNU Free Software 他的想法是通过为GNU自由软件 提供咨询和服务来赚钱
and, well Michael's done very well with Cygnus. 并且，Michanel的Cygnus现在经营的非常好。
Well uh, I spend a lot of time working out uh, 嗯，我花了很多时间去想，嗯，
how we were going to make money 我们如何才能赚到钱。
and in the original GNU manifesto 在最初的GNU宣言中，
which is the last chapter of the GNU Emacs manual. 也就是GNU Emacs手册的最后一章。
Stallman proposed a number of different Stallman 提出了几种
possible ways to make money. 盈利的模式。
Form the beginning of the Free Software movement 自由软件运动刚刚起步的时候
I had the idea that there's 我就意识到
room in it for business to be done. 它蕴含着商机。
One of the advantages of Free Software is that, there's 自由软件的优势之一就是它提供一个自由的市场
a free market for any kind of service or support. 你可以在那里提供各种服务支持
So if you are using software in your business, 所以，如果你在工作中使用某个软件
and you want good support, 而且你想要得到好的技术支持，
you have a choice of people to go to for it, 就有很多人选可供你选择。
you have a choice of businesses... that 你可以选择公司...在那些
are in the business of providing you with support. 提供商业性技术支持服务的公司中做选择。
So they are going to have to in general give you 所以他们会尽力为你提供好的服务
good support or you go to somebody else. 否则你会去找其他人。
With proprietory software, 对于那些私有版权的软件
support is a monopoly, there is one company, 技术支持是垄断性质的，一般只有一个公司提供服务
typically, that has the source code 因为只有他们有源代码
and only they can give you support 所以也只有他们有能力提供支持服务。
so typically, you are at the mercy of a monopoly. 这样你就一直处在那个垄断者的掌握之下
That's the case, for example with Microsoft. 这方面的典型的就是Microsoft
So no wonder the support is so bad. 所以他们提供的支持服务这么差也就不奇怪了。
The benefits of Free Software were 自由软件的优点很多
tremendous but the cost of supporting it internally 但是自行维护的代价问题
uh, and made managers very very nervous and 嗯，这使管理者们非常非常不安
so the fundamental idea I had was if we can build a model 所以我的基本思路是，能否建立一种服务模式
that could deliver two to four times the support 那就是提供2至4倍于
and uh, and uh, and hand holding capability 那个，那个，客户自身技术人员
that an internal engineer could provide. 所能提供的技术支持。
And we could do it at 1/2 to 1/4 of the cost 而我们仅付出1/2到1/4的成本
that would meet the test of wether or not 这是通过调查得出的
people would actually buy. 客户能达成服务购买意向的标准。
And by about the Fall of that year, we had 到了那年秋天，
all the things worked out about who 我们已经完成了所有准备工作
needed on the technical team, what 包括确定客户群，
the terms the sale would be, what 销售模式，
the key price point were, and we 定价策略
actually received our incorporation in Nov of 1989. 到了1989年11月，我们还成立了自己的公司。
One of the most difficult things in starting our company 我们创建公司所面临的一大难题是
was actually finding a name for it. 给它取个什么样的名字。
I explained this to one of my friends 我向我的一个朋友征求意见
"we're having difficulty" “我们遇上头疼的事了”
and he returned an e-mail message 他回了一封e-mail给我
that basically just had a bunch of words with the name "GNU" in it. 说只要公司名字里面有“GNU”三个字母就对了
And "Cygnus" was the one that looked least obnoxious and least obscene. “Cygnus（天鹅座）”是个不错的选择
I can say very clearly that Cygnus 我可以明确的说 Cygnus
was the first business that specialized in Free Software. 是第一家专门服务于自由软件的商业公司。
Cygnus supported Free Software, Cygnus为自由软件提供支持服务
filled a very essential niche because we had this great software, 填补了一个重要的空白。因为我们有了伟大的软件，
you could get it for nothing but you couldn't get support - they made their money 你可以不费任何代价得到它，但是你却得不到技术支持。
by charging for support. 现在好了，有他们通过提供支持服务来赚钱
The GNU project started by building a toolkit, GNU计划是从建立一系列的工具开始的
a basic development tool such as a C compiler, a debugger, a text-editor, 基本的开发工具，如C编译器，调试器，文本编辑器
and uh, other necessary apparatus. 还有一些其他的必备工具。
And their intention was eventually to develop a kernel to sit underneath those 其最终目的是要开发一个内核
and be the center of the operating system. 作为这个操作系统的核心。
By about 1990 they had successfully developed that toolkit, 到了1990年，他们已经开发出必备的工具软件
and it was in wide use on great many variants of Unix. 这些软件已经在很多Unix系统上得到广泛应用了
But there was still no free kernel. 但是内核仍然是“非自由”的
The kernel happened to be one of the last things we started to do 内核成为我们要面对的最后一个问题
and we had started it not long before. 我们不久前才开始开发我们自己的内核
And that's when Linus Torvalds came along. 就在那个时候，Linus出现了
[ "Lin-us" or "Line-us"? What's the exact, do you prefer the pronunciation? ] [ “Lin-us”还是“Line-us”？该怎么读， 能给我们示范一下发音吗？]
um.. When I speak Swedish it's "Lee-nus"; 嗯..我说瑞典语的时候，是“Lee-nus”；
when I speak Finnish it's "Leen-ous"; 说芬兰语的时候是“Leen-ous”；
when I speak English it's "Line-us". 说英语的时候是“Line-us”
And I really don't care how people pronounce my name. 其实我并不在意人们怎么念
But "Linux" is always "Linux". “Linux”就是“Linux”
He developed a kernel, and got it working faster than we got ours working, 他开发了一个内核，他的进度比我们要快
and got it to work very nicely and solidly. 他的内核运行良好，也稳定
His kernel is called "Linux". 他把他的内核叫做“Linux”
The initial goal was my very personal goal 我的最初目的只是为满足自己的需要
to be able to run a similar environment on my computer 就是在我自己的计算机上装一个系统
that I had grown used to at, at the university computers. 它能类似于我们大学主机上我用惯的系统
And I could not find anything that suited me for that. 我当时没有找到符合要求的现成系统
So having been doing computers for all my life basically. 因为我今后一直要跟计算机打交道，
At that point I decided that I'll do my own. 所以我决定自己开发一个这样的系统出来
Most of the inspiration early on came from, from SunOS 在开发之初，很多灵感都来自于SunOS
which was what um, I was using at the university at the time. 我在大学的时候就用的这个系统
[ Which University? ] [ 哪所大学？ ]
University of Helsinki in Finland. 芬兰赫尔辛基大学
From 1991 to about 1993 was really 我认为从1991年到1993年
I guess the infancy period of Linux. 是Linux发展的幼儿时期
That was when it was still only alpha or beta quality; 那个时候Linux是处于开发与测试阶段
it was relatively unstable. 并且相对来说很不稳定
Although, even then it was a good deal more stable 不过那个时候的Linux比现在很多所谓的
than a lot of what are now called "production" operating systems. “成品”操作系统要稳定的多。
Linus used the traditional tried-and-true method of writing one program Linus使用传统的“tried-and-true”方式来写程序
that does the job, 他正是那做的，
and he got it to work. 并且干得不赖。
quickly in fact faster than I would have thought was possible. 比我自己预计的要快的多
The term for it is "monolithic", Linux是单一内核的操作系统
which means that basically the OS itself is one entity, indivisible. 也就是说操作系统本身是一个不可分的整体
uh, while in the microkernel, 它不像微内核系统那样，
the, the operating system kernel is actually 微内核系统实际上是一组服务程序，
uh, just a collection of servers that 分别完成不同的任务，
do different things and then they have a common protocol 彼此通过一个共同的协议来通讯，
for doing communication between themselves. 来协调它们的动作。
[ So why is that... the GNU project that's had so much lead-time, that's been doing this, [ 为什么GNU的内核开发的这么慢？
Why...Why is it that he was able to kinda come in at the tail end so to speak ] 为什么他能后来居上 ]
Well we actually started the GNU Hurd not long before he started Linux. GNU Hurd计划在Linux计划开始之前不久就启动了。
And it happened though we chose a design that's a very advanced design 我们确定了一个非常先进的设计方案
in terms of the power gives you 以获得更强大的功能
but also turns out to be very hard to debug. 但随之而来的是调试非常困难。
We decided to divide up the kernel which traditionally had been one program, 我们的内核不是传统意义上的单一程序，
to divide it up into a lot of smaller programs 而是分割成许多较小的程序
that would send messages to each other asynchronously to, to communicate. 它们相互间通过异步通信传递消息。
The problem is that, that style of programming 问题是，这种设计方案
has a great deal of potential for bugs, 会产生大量潜在的程序错误，
which are often very hard to figure out because they depend on... 而这些错误又很难定位，因为它们依赖于...
does this program send this message before or after this one sends that message... 这个程序发出消息是 在那个程序发出消息之前或之后...
And the result was: it took us years to get the thing to work. 结果我们花了好几年时间才能让它运行起来。
[ What is Linux's relationship to the GNU project? ] [ Linux与GNU计划之间是什么关系？]
Well there's relationships to GNU on kind of multiple levels. GNU与Linux的关系是多层次的
One is just the philosophical level of thinking that 一个是哲学角度上的
"making your source open is a good idea". “开放源码是个好主意”
When Linus developed the kernel he wasn't doing it for the GNU project. Linus刚刚开始写内核的时候，并未参与GNU计划
He did it independently. 他只是单干
And he released it independently and we didn't know about it. 他独立发布他的内核，我们也不知道
But some of the people who did know about it 但那些接触到Linux的人
decided to look for what else they could find 想要找一些
to put together with that kernel to make a whole system. 能与之相结合以建立一个完整操作系统的东西。
They looked around, and lo and behold 他们这么一找啊，你瞧，
They looked around, and lo and behold 他们所要的都已经是现成的了。
"What good fortune!" they thought. “运气真好啊！”他们这样想
But actually there was no chance about it. 但其实那并非好运所致
They had found all the pieces of the GNU system which was missing just the kernel, 他们所找到的正是GNU计划的组成部分 我们仅仅只差一个内核而已
so when they put all that together 所以他们所做的其实是
really they were fitting Linux into the gap in the GNU system. 用Linux填补了GUN计划的空白。
But they didn't know that. 但他们自己还没有意识到。
There's a lot of these programs 有很多这样的程序
um, done by the Free Softwares Foundation, 嗯，有自由软件基金会开发的，
and done by other people like Linux. 也有其他喜欢Linux的人开发的。
And there's a symbiosis between Linux and the programs Linux与这些程序相互依存
that the programs run on Linux and at the same time 这些程序运行在Linux上
and they take the advantage of Linux as a platform, 把Linux作为它们运行的平台，
while Linux takes the advantage of the programs 而同时Linux有了这些程序
by just being able to use them. 就能通过它们完成各种工作
[ What...What programs? ] [ 什么...什么程序？]
umm... 嗯...
The main one is actually the GNU C Compiler. 最重要的一个应该是GNU C编译器
Which... Without a C compiler it would not have been possible 可以说，没有C编译器
to make Linux or most of the open progress available. Linux及其他开源项目就无法进行
Linux uses the GPL, Linux遵循GPL，
and I agree with a kind of philosophy behind the GPL. 我本人也认同GPL所体现的原则
That said the GPL itself is not a very pretty document 有人说GPL不是一份很完美的文件
which is probably just because no lawyerese can ever be very pretty. 也许世上不存在十全十美的法律文本
I'd been playing around with Linux for actually 我开始使用Linux应该是从
late '92 or early '93 for about a year. 92年底或93年初，用了大约一年
before I decided that it was to the point where actually had everything that I needed 我感到它正是我所想要的玩意儿
to really replace a Sun Workstation. 能用它完全替代Sun工作站
And I was looking for a way to have a Unix workstation at home 我正设法想在家里使用Unix工作站
at the time we used Sun Sparc Stations in the office at Stanford. 那时候我们在斯坦福的办公室使用 的是Sun Sparc工作站
Those machines cost us about 7,000 dollars. 那机器价值7000美元
Now I desperately wanted a Unix machine at home! 要在家里拥有一台Unix机器实在希望渺茫！
There's always a this thought you get as you get a graduate student 由于在读研究生，我常想
"Gee... if I could work at home! “噢... 如果我可以在家工作
Then I would be so much more productive, 我就可以干更多活，
I would graduate sooner because I would finish my thesis sooner" 我就能早一点毕业，早点完成我的论文”
Well, Well, is it true? Well, you can judge. 不是吗？你说说看
You know most people end up spending a lot of their time 要知道许多人如果能
becoming more productive so that 更有效率地使用他的时间
they ever actually worked on their thesis they'll finish it in a day. 可能一天时间就完成论文了。
It takes a while sometimes. 也许还要多花些时间。
So I decided that I wanted a Unix machine at home. 所以我想有家里装一台Unix机器
And I went out there I was able to use Linux together with the PC. 现在我发现可以在PC机上安装Linux系统
For about 2,000 dollars, I put together a system. 得到这样一套系统，我只要花2000美元
That was one and a half to two times faster 而且运行速度还要快上1.5到2倍
than that 7,000 dollars Sun Sparc Station. 相对于7000美元的Sun Sparc工作站
It was absolutely amazing. 这实在令人惊讶
I had one and a half to two times the speed, 我可以有一个运行速度快1.5到2倍的系统，
at a third to fourth the price. 而只花1/3到1/4的价钱
Light bulbs went off. 灵光一闪
I knew there was an opportunity here. 我明白机会来了
This was the chance to really do something better than what Sun has done 我有了比Sun更好的选择
around open source and Linux. 那就是开放源代码和Linux
I called it Linux originally as working name. 我最初把Linux作为项目的名称
And that was just because Linus 它来源于Linus
and the it has to be there. 就是这样
It's Unix. It's like a law. 它只是一个名称而已
And...what happened was that... 然后...事情是这样的...
I initially thought that I can't call it Linux publicly, 起初我认为我不应该公开的称之为Linux，
because it is just too egotistical. 因为这显得太自高自大
And that was before I had a big ego. Right? 也太张扬，对吧？
They thought they were taking a whole bunch of components putting them around Linux 他们认为他们是以Linux内核为中心 捆绑了一系列的组件
So they ended up calling the whole thing "A Linux System" 因此他们把这套东西称之为“Linux系统”
and somehow that term caught on. 而这一称呼逐渐流行起来
And the result is 其结果是
there are now ten million people using 现在有一千万人在使用
this variant of the GNU system... 这个变种GNU系统...
the GNU/Linux operating system. 确切说是“GNU/Linux”操作系统
And most of them don't know it. 而他们多数人还不知道这一点
[ Some people advocate it be described as GNU/Linux. [ 有人提出应该把它叫做GNU/Linux
I mean what's your thought on that? I would say, justify or... ] 你怎么看？我是说，这样称呼合适吗 ]
Well, I think it's justified but it is justified if you actually make GNU distribution of Linux. 嗯，这没问题，如果你制作的是Linux的GNU发行版 那当然没问题
The same way that I think that Red Hat Linux is fine or SuSE Linux, or Debian Linux. 就象Red Hat Linux，SuSE Linux或Debian Linux
Uh, because if you actually make your own distribution of Linux 因为，你要制作Linux发行版的话
You get to name the thing. 总得给它取个名字吧。
But calling Linux in general "GNU Linux" I think, is just ridiculous. 但我认为要把这些系统都称为 “GNU Linux”就有点荒唐
I got involved in Fall '93. 我第一次接触是在93年秋天
Because I was sent a copy of the first CD-ROM commercial Linux distribution, 我拿到了一份首次商业发行的Linux光盘拷贝
which was called Yggdrasi produced by Adam Richter. 它叫做Yggdrasi，是由Adam Richter出品的
And I got a copy because... 我拿到这份拷贝是因为...
I had been myself writing Free Software for a long time since the early 80's. 我从80年代初就开始写自由软件。
I was actually one of the early GNU contributors myself. 也可是算是GNU事业的元老了
And I was absolutely astonished, 我绝对的被震惊了
I was completely astonished. 我完全被震惊了
Because I've been a software engineer for nearly 15 years at that point. 那时我做软件工程师已经近15年了
And according to all the rules I knew... 据我所知，做软件应该遵循一些规则...
about controlling complexity, keeping a project group small, 比如控制复杂性，控制开发小组的规模
having closely managed objectives. 以及目标管理
Linux should have been a disaster, and it wasn't. 按这些规则，Linux应该是一个灾难，但是它不是。
Instead, it was something wonderful, 相反的，它是个令人惊奇的东西
and I was determined to figure out how they were getting a way with that. 我很想看看他们是怎么做到的
In order for Linux to grow beyond the world of the computer programmer 为了让Linux进一步成长 跨出计算机程序员的世界
It needed a use and application that made it a must-have technology 就需要有一些应用项目 以使它成为必不可少的技术产品
That threshold was crossed 开端在于
with the development of a program that made complex websites possible 一个用于建设复杂网站的程序被开发出来
That program is the Apache web server. 这个程序就是Apache网站服务器
The killer app of Linux was undoubtedly the Apache web server. Linux的杀手锏无疑就是Apache
If you look at the history of Linux, 如果你回头看看Linux的历史
the adoption curve of Linux and Linux的成长曲线和
the adoption curve of the Internet Internet的成长曲线
exactly track each other. 相当地吻合
1993, which was when the Apache web server project really got started, 1993年，Apache计划正式启动
was also the beginnings of the popular ISP explosion 也正是ISP爆发性增长的开端
when the Internet first became a mass market commodity 当Internet首次面对广阔的市场
and the idea of web-based electronic commerce 以网站为基础的电子商务
and, and mass communication became real. 和大众传媒成为了可能
I think it was one of the first applications that caused people to go 我认为Apache是第一个 促使人们使用Linux的应用程序
"Well, if I install Linux. “嗯，如果我要安装Linux
I get some tangible benefit from doing so, right?" 总得有一些实际的好处，是吧？”
I mean, clearly there were a lot of interesting applications on Linux 我的意思是，Linux确实有很多有趣的应用
at, at the time, this being maybe two or three years ago, 在那时，在两三年前就有了
when the root thing really started to take off 那时就已经打好了根基
but there wasn't a driving, you know, 但是还缺少一个实际应用上的突破
you could almost say business case 使你有资本和其他人谈论
for someone to use Linux versus using NT 能与NT相提并论的Linux商业案例
until, I think, Apache and a lot of the things that plugged into Apache 直到，我想，Apache和很多Apahce的插件
enhanced Apache 增强了Apache
I mean, when you want to go out and build.. go out to build a server farm 我指的是，当你想去建...建一个服务器
It was much more cost effective 它有很高的性价比
cost effective 性价比
real dollar returns to build it on Linux and Apache than was to build it on IIS and NT 用Linux和Apache建服务器比用IIS和NT省钱
even if it meant that you have to spend a little bit of money 即使你必须花一点钱
to train your staff to learn how to use that or 去训练你的职员学习怎样使用
to find people who were people who were knowledgeable. 或寻找懂得Apache的人
But the good news was that 但好消息是
the knowledge wasn't very expensive 这种花费并不高
because there were all those college students out there 因为那些大学生们
who'd been using Linux for a long time and were very familiar with it. 使用Linux已经很长时间了，而且对这个很熟悉。
If you look at the trend curves in web servers 如果你看网站服务器的发展曲线
Apache has steadily been gaining a market share ever since Apache从一开始就在稳步的增加市场份额
it's up to something like 66% now 现在已经占到66%了
It's steadily clobbered all of the closed source competition 它渐渐的打败了所有不开放源代码的竞争者
And that's because it's more reliable it's more flexible, it's more extensible 所有这些都是因为它更可靠,更灵活,更有扩展性
It does what webmasters actually need 它迎合了网管的需要
and the combination of Apache and Linux Apache和Linux相结合
found its way into a great many commercial shops. 打通了进入广大商业市场的道路
Essentially, Apache became the application that motivated Internet service providers 本质上,Apache成为推动Internet服务供应商
and e-commerce companies to choose Linux over Microsoft's Windows. 和电子商务公司更多的选择Linux 而不是Microsoft的Windows的应用
It would probably runs best on Linux and on FreeBSD 或许它在Linux和FreeBSD上运行的更好
and the reason is the communities around those operating systems 其原因是研究那些操作系统的团体
are also the communities that contribute the most back to Apache, right? 也正是给予Apache大力支持的团体，对吧？
And there were also the operating systems that Internet service providers 此外，那些Internet服务供应商
started using very heavily as well 先前使用的操作系统并不好用
and Internet service providers really liked Apache Internet服务供应商非常喜欢Apache
because it allowed them to do 因为它可以让他们去做
a lot of different things that some of the commercial web servers didn't 很多商业网站服务器不能做的事情，
such as the ability to host more than one web site on a single box, which clearly 比如在一台机子支持多个网站的能力，显然
if you are an ISP and you would have 40,000 users 如果你是一个拥有4万个用户的ISP
and they all want their web site 这些用户都需要开设自己的个人网站
it's gonna be pretty important to you. 那这一点对你来说是非常重要的。
one of the key factors in the growth of Linux was 在Linux的成长中一个关键因素是
the creation of companies that specialized in the distribution 创建了一些专门为这个操作系统提供
and support of the Operating System itself 发行和技术支持服务的公司
Among these companies, Red Hat Software is the best known. Red Hat Software是这些公司中最著名的一家
Red Hat started as a product of Marc Ewing Red Hat最初是Marc Ewing的成果
while he was working at IBM. 他当时服务于IBM
He wanted a little better Linux distribution 他想要一个好一点的Linux发行版
he started playing around, 他开始着手工作，
found out he uh, he spent more time maintaining his Linux distribution 他发现，嗯，他花了太多时间 在Linux发行版的维护上
than he did uh, than he did working on his new project. 超过了花在他自己的新项目上的时间。
So he uh, sort of started the distribution himself 所以他，嗯，开始做自己的发行版
He met up with Bob Young, 他遇到了Bob Young，
who at the time was running company called ACC Bookstore Bob Young当时开了一家公司叫ACC书店
which was a mail-order PC Unix uh, catalog 那是一家邮购PC Unix，嗯，目录的公司
And Bob kind of knew he wanted something, Bob有一个想法，
you know, more his own to market, 就是，开拓自己的市场，
rather than reselling other people's products 而不是销售别人的产品
And he was fairly good at marketing, and... 他非常善于做市场，然后...
Mark knew he needed some marketing help Mark正需要人协助开拓市场
because he was very good at the technical parts, so they kinda got together 而他自己长于技术，因此他们走到了一起
I started working with Red Hat in May of 1995, basically right out of NC State. 我在1995年5月加入了Red Hat， 在北卡罗来纳州
along with Eric Troan who, me and him combined make up employees #4 and #5. 和Eric Troan一起，我们成了第四第五个成员
We actually reported to work in an apartment that Mark Ewing used to live in 记得我们是在Mark Ewing以前住的公寓里展开工作
We took it over as kind of the development part of Red Hat software 我们接管了一些Red Hat软件的开发工作
and stayed that way till about November of 1995 when... 就那样直到1995年的11月...
a toilet we had in the apartment kind of exploded, 当时我们房间的一个马桶爆了，
flooded our downstairs neighbor 水漏到了楼下的邻居家
and she got little upset and... 她很生气而且...
the apartment folks found out we were running a business there 住户们发现我们在从事商业活动
instead of actually living there the same time 而不是在那里生活
So they decided to throw us out. 所以他们把我们赶了出来
So at that point, we had about a week to go find 为此，我们花了近一个星期去找
our first office, which we did 我们第一个办公室，我们找到了
and get ourselves moved in a hurry 并立刻搬了进去
We started going in again '95 or so to the venture capital firms, 我们在95年又开始了，并找了风险投资机构
asking, saying, there's something happening here. 告诉他们这里将会发生什么
There's a great business opportunity, 有一个巨大的商业机遇，
to build the next Sun for open source. 就是以开放源代码的方式创造另一个Sun公司
Well, the venture capitalists looked at this and said 然而，风险投资商看了后说
"Gee, you are selling systems “天哪，你们在卖系统
the software is free. This is kind of scary. 而软件是免费的。这太可怕了。
We're not sure that we want to put money in. And... 我们不能确定会往这里投资。而且...
by the way, we funded other systems companies 顺便说说，我们投资的其他一些系统公司
and it hasn't really panned out. We are scared." 没有一个成功的。我们很害怕。”
I came to the US about 3 years ago, 我3年前来到了美国
and the reason really was that I'd been spending 原因是我已经在
like 6 or 7 years at Helsinki University. 赫尔辛基大学呆了6到7年
and decide it was time to see the real world and not just university life. 我决定该是时候离开学校看看真实世界了
Especially this area had a lot of the most interesting work being done. 尤其是这个领域有很多很有趣的事可做
So I just decided that... 所以我决定...
let's try to move half way across the world, 让我跨越半个地球
and give this a try. 来闯闯世界
And it's turned out pretty well. 而且现在一切都很好
[ Ah...you see this as temporary or long term? ] [ 嗯...这是一个短期还是长期的打算？]
Well, we saw it as temporary at first.、 嗯，开始我只做了短期考虑...
And I think it's certainly looking like it's turning into long term. 我想它的确看上去已演变成长期的了
Our youngest daughter is both US and Finnish citizen, 我的小女儿同时是美国和芬兰公民
because she was born here 因为她在这里出生
and the older one is speaking both Swedish and English, so... 大女儿会讲瑞典语和英语，就是这样
The next major event was one that I had directed hand in. 下一个重要事件也就是我正在干的事
I wrote a paper, called "The Cathedral & the Bazaar". 我写了一篇论文，叫做“大教堂与集市”
which was my observations, my anthropological analysis 那是我的观察报告，我的人类学分析
of what it was that made the open source world work. 关于“开放源码”世界发展动力问题
We didn't call it that then. We were still using the term "Free Software" primarily. 虽然我们并未那样称呼它 我们仍主要使用“自由软件”这一术语
So it was my observation of what made the Free Software world work 所以我的这个观察报告是关于 自由软件世界发展动力，
and why we were able to produce extremely high quality software 以及为什么我们有能力 开发出非常高质量的软件
in spite of constantly violating all of the standard rules of software engineering 却是在时常违反软件工程惯常准则 的情况下做到的
In that paper, I was setting up a contrast 在这篇论文里，我对
between two different styles of development, 两种不同开发模式做了对比，
two opposed styles of development. 这是两种截然相反的开发模式。
One, which is the conventional closed development style, 其一是传统的封闭开发模式
which I called the "Cathedral" style. 我称它为“大教堂”模式
In that one, you have tight specification of objectives. 在那个模式里，你有非常严谨的目标规划
Small project groups which are run in a fairly hierarchical authoritarian manner. 等级森严的小项目组
And you have long release intervals 并且有很长的发布间隔
On the other hand,what I identified is happening in the Linux world 我定义的另一种模式，就是发生在Linux世界的
was a much more peer to peer decentralized, market or bazaar-like style, 成员对等而分散，类似集市的模式
which has a very short release intervals 它有非常短的发布间隔
and constant solicitation of feedback from people who are formally outside of the project. 并不断接受来自项目外部人员的反馈意见。
A very intense peer review process. 一个非常典型的对等交流过程。
And the startling thing was that the more I looked at this, 令人吃惊的是，我越是深入观察这种模式，
the more it seemed that trading away all the supposed advantages 就越是打消了所有我原来想象中
of conventional closed development, 传统封闭开发模式的优势，
for that one single advantage of massive independent peer review 仅仅由于自主对等交流方式的巨大优势
actually seemed to win, actually seemed to get you good results. 真的看上去获胜了，真的看上去给你以好的结果。
The reason Netscape is important is Netscape的重要性在于
that they were the first large company to participate in open source. 他们是第一个参与“开放源码”的大公司
We had Cygnus providing support, 我们有Cygnus提供技术支持，
but we didn't really have much business. 但是我们生意很清淡。
And Netscape went open source essentially as a way to fight Microsoft. Netscape加入“开放源码”本质上 是对抗Microsoft的一种手段。
Which was giving away Internet Explorer, Microsoft免费分发Internet Explorer，
but not letting anyone else have the source code, not letting companies collaborate. 但是不向其他人提供源代码，不让其他公司合作
Working as part of the sales force, I got a bit of, 作为销售人员，我得到一个，
I got a good idea of.. of why people bought our software 我得到了一个启示...一个关于人们为什么买我们的软件
and what it took to make our software successful in the marketplace against competitive products. 和什么原因促使我们的软件成功 击败竞争对手占领市场的启示。
However, the problem was, 但是，问题是，
we were seeing, as that, as time went on, 我们看到，随着，随着时间流逝，
our software was uh, 我们的软件嗯，
being competed against by other people's software, particularly Microsoft's 与其他公司的软件在竞争，特别是Microsoft
and as time went on, the price of our software had to drop 随着时间的流逝，我们软件的价格被迫下跌
because other people were giving their software away 因为别的公司
at no charge or at little charge. 免费或低价分发他们的软件。
Now the real problem was that they feared 现在现实的问题是他们担心
Microsoft would achieve a monopoly lock on the browser market Microsoft会在浏览器市场获得垄断地位
and they would then use that monopoly lock to 然后他们会利用垄断地位
pervert actually, 篡改
the HTTP and HTML standards that the web depends on. 互联网站所依赖的HTTP和HTML标准。
And once they had turned those standards in to lock in devices, 他们一旦使这些标准演变成非开放的，
they could then use that control to drive Netscape out of the server market, 他们就可以利用对标准的控制权 把Netscape驱赶出服务器市场，
which was where it was making its real money. 那个才是真正赚钱的地方
My concern was that as time went on, 我关心的是随着时间流逝，
Netscape's business would be threatened, Netscape的业务会受到威胁，
by the fact that we didn't have enough people to do what we needed to do as a company 事实上是我们没有足够的人做一个公司应该做的事
in order to keep our software viable in the marketplace. 以保持我们软件的市场地位。
The Netscape release happened in early 1998. Netscape早在1998年就发布了
And uh, I was told later, I had no idea at the time, 然后嗯，我是后来才听说的，我当时完全不知道
that it came about as a direct result of 直接导致的结果是
the right people having read "The Cathedral and the Bazaar". 一个恰当的人读了“大教堂与集市”
"The Cathedral and the Bazaar", the paper by Eric Raymond, Eric Raymond写的论文“大教堂与集市”
was a significant influence on Netscape's decision to release source code. 对Netscape发布源代码的决定有着极其重大的影响
It came as a complete shock to me. 它给了我很大的震动
I wasn't really ready for the thought 我没有丝毫心理准备
that I was changing the world even by accident. 我因为一个意外改变了整个世界
However he was not by any means the only influence on that decision. 然而，无论如何他都不是这个决定的唯一因素。
Uh, and not necessarily the most important one, 嗯，甚至不是最重要的因素
when all is said and done. 当一切已经公布于众以后
As I said, Netscape, 就像我说的，Netscape，
Netscape had already been talking about releasing source code for quite some time before Netscape之前就有讨论过开放源代码问题
anyone ever heard of Eric's paper. 在看到Eric的论文之前。
Linux Congress in early 1997, 1997初的Linux大会
which was the first place that I gave that paper. 也就是我第一次发表那个论文的地方
And one of the people who heard it was Tim O'Reilly of O'Reilly & Associates. 听我作报告的人中有O'Reilly & Associates公司 的Tim O'Reilly
And uh, he thought it was pretty intriguing 并且，嗯，他认为这论点很吸引人。
and he asked me to give it at his first PERL conference, which was uh.. 于是他邀请我到他的第一届PERL研讨会作报告，
later that year, in Fall of 97. 就在同年，97年秋。
And apparently what happened, I was told later, 显然这促成了某些事情发生，我后来才得知，
although I had no idea that this was happening at the time, 尽管当时我对此毫不知情，
uh is that some people from Netscape actually heard the paper at the PERL conference 嗯，就是有Netscape的人在PERL研讨会听了我的报告。
and took those ideas back to Netscape and they kind of lit a fire there. 并将这些观点带回了Netscape，从而引发了很大的争论。
The role of my paper was essentially to make the internal case at Netscape, uh 我的论文扮演的角色本质上是 引发Netscape内部讨论，嗯
to make the business case for why Netscape should release its source code. 最终促成Netscape开放源代码的商业举措。
The paper was called "Netscape Source Code As Netscape Product". 那份文件的标题叫 “作为Netscape产品的Netscape源代码”
uh.. a strange title, essentially what the title meant was that 嗯，一个奇怪的标题，这个标题的本意是
In my opinion we needed to 我主张我们
think of source code not just as something that was used in creating our products, 不能仅把源代码看作生成我们产品的东西，
but as something that was a product in its own right. 而应该考虑把源代码本身作为产品。
Something that customers might use, other people might use. 这对用户有用，对其他人也会有用。
I then looked at what the business models might be 然后我考察了
if we released source code for our products. 开放源代码作为产品的商业模型。
How would we license them? 我们采用什么许可证呢？
How do we sell products in this environment? 在这种条件下如何销售产品？
Then I looked at the competition, particularly Microsoft. 然后我分析了竞争对手，尤其是Microsoft。
What would they be likely to do if we released source code? 如果我们开放源代码，他们会有什么反应呢？
Was there some way they could use our source code against us? 他们会不会利用我们的代码来与我们竞争？
I used Eric's paper as an example of how distributed development could work, 我用Eric的论文为例，说明分布式的开发如何运转，
how a company could develop software not just using their own people, 一个公司如何借助自身员工之外的，
but also working with people on the Internet. 在互联网上的其他人来开发软件。
And that's why I included a reference to Eric's paper in my paper. 我之所以在我的报告中引用Eric的文章，
Once my paper was circulated, 因为我的报告一经流传，
the people who read my paper would naturally enough 人们看我的报告时自然就会
find a reference to Eric's paper and read that as well. 找Eric的文章来看。
[ And who was involved in making that happen at Netscape? ] [ Netscape公司里还有谁和此事有关？]
Primarily the person who made the actual decision was Jim Barksdale. 最主要的决策者是Jim Barksdale。
And this turned out to be important later. 这后来被证明是一个重要的决定。
That our big win, the big score 那是我们的伟大胜利，伟大的成功
that gave us mainstream visibility and credibility with investors 使大部分投资者对我们极为关注并充满信心
came not because of bottom up evangelism from a bunch of engineers, 这并非出自底层一帮技术人员的饶舌，
but because one strategist at the top 而归因于公司高层的战略
saw the potential power of this method and 预见到了这种手段潜在的威力，
then essentially imposed that vision on everyone underneath him. 然后把这一思想灌输给他的下属们。
When I completed the paper, I first gave a copy to Mark Andreessen, 我完成这份报告后，先了Mark Andreessen一份，
who was co-founder of Netscape and was at the time one of, 他是Netscapoe的合作创始人，
on the senior management team at Netscape. 当时又是Netscape的高层之一。
Mark then gave a copy of the paper to several other people within Netscape management, Mark然后把报告转给Netscape管理层的其他人。
including Jim Barksdale. 包括Jim Barksdale。
I'm not sure exactly when Jim and the other senior managers 我不确定Jim和其他公司高层具体是什么时候
made the actual decision, 做出了这个决策，
I believe it was in early January sometime. 我想应该是一月上旬的某天。
Netscape actually announced that it was gonna release the source code on Jan 22nd, Netscape正式宣布将于1月22日开放其源代码。
the same time it was going to give Communicator away for free. 同时，将免费发行Communicator(著名浏览器)。
When Netscape decided to release the source code, 当Netscape决定开放源代码时，
people sort of got a wake up notice and said 人们对此有一个清醒的认识：
"Hey, maybe there is something to this idea of releasing source code “嘿，开放源代码也许还有一个用意
and doing development with people outside your company." 就是利用公司之外的人参与开发。”
So Netscape's decision brought a lot of public attention to the idea of Free Software, 所以Netscape的决定引起了公众对自由软件的关注，
what became known as Open Source, 就是现在所谓的“开放源码”，
and brought a lot of attention to the Linux operating system, 也为Linux操作系统引来了关注眼光，
which was one of the most prominent examples of Open Source software at that time. 因为它是当时开放源码软件中最为突出的例子。
This is our first office, Mountain View, California. 这就是我们第一个办公室，在加利福尼亚州山景城。
We moved here in early 1995. 我们1995年初搬到这里。
This is 4,000 square feet. 这里有4000平方英尺。
It was an incredible leap of faith for us to move out and take the company to our own office. 搬出去，开家公司，并拥有自己的办公室， 这在我们心里是个难以想像的跳跃。
Now what's really important about this place 现在，这块地方的重要性在于
is that this is the office where the term "Open Source" was invented. 它是“开放源码”公司的发源地。
If you walk in to an executive's office and say "Free Software", 如果你走进一个执行官的办公室，然后说“自由软件”
OK, If you're lucky, the response you'll get is something like, 那么，如果你走运的话，得到的回答会像：
"hmm, hmm, Free Software, must be cheap, shoddy, worthless." “嗯，嗯，自由软件，一定是便宜、低质、不足取的。”
Uh, and if you're not lucky, it has associations with, uh. 嗯，如果你不是很走运，那么你会听到类似于，嗯
with the Free Software Foundation's wholesale attack on intellectual property rights, 自由软件基金会的行为严重侵犯了知识产权，
which regardless of what you think about the ethics of that, 这种行为不顾道德伦理，
it's lousy marketing, it's not something that businesses want to hear. 这是无耻的交易，它不是正规的商业行为。
So Eric Raymond knew there was a problem. 所以Eric Raymond认识到这是一个问题。
We'd been calling this Free Software, 我们取名为自由软件（Free Software），
but people took the term "Free" and associated with "Free of charge", 但是人们把“Free”这个词和“免费”联系到一起，
they thought they couldn't make money or couldn't sell, 他们认为无法以此谋利或不能进行商业销售，
which is exactly the wrong concept. 这是完全错误的观念。
We wanted to get across the idea the software was open and that the source code was available. 我们想要表达的意思是，软件是开放的， 源代码是可以获取的。
Very important pieces. 非常重要的一点。
We had this meeting at the VA offices in Mountain View, where Eric, 我们在VA位于山景城的办公室召开了会议， 参加会议的有Eric，
myself, and Christine Peterson from Foresight Institute joined us as well as some other people. 我，还有来自Forsight Institute的 Christine Peterson以及其他一些人。
Christine Peterson was there by phone. uh.. Christine Peterson是通过电话参加的，嗯..
Jon "Mad dog" Hall was also there by phone. uh.. “疯狗”Jon Hall通过电话参加，嗯..
And then Todd Anderson, who later worked for SuSE for a while was there. 还有Todd Anderson，他后来为SuSE工作过 一段时间。
Sam Ockman who now runs Penguin Computing was there. Sam Ockman也参加了，他现在经营着Penguin Computing公司。
He was uh.. He was an employee of VA at the time 他，嗯，他当时是VA的雇员，
Well, we came up with the concept of Open Source, 然后，我们提出了“开放源码”的概念，
we called Linus in fact and asked Linus if he liked it. 我们打电话给Linus，征求他的意见。
He was interested, He liked it. 他很感兴趣，他喜欢这个提法。
Eventually we came up with something that replaced "Free Software". 最终我们确定了这一取代“自由软件”的概念。
That was the beginning of Open Source. 这就是“开放源码”的起源。
[ How did you chose words "Open Source"? ] [ 你们是怎么选中“开放源码”这个词的？]
You know, I think Christine Peterson was the person who really came up with the idea. 我想是Christine Peterson最先提出来的。
Uh, we wanted, again, the idea that the source code was out there and it was open. 嗯，我们想表达的是，源代码是公开的。
There weren't many choices. 这并没有很多选择。
Well, since the first three recipients have spoken for the Open Source movement, 好的，既然前三位支持开放源码运动，
I think I should speak about the Free Software movement. 我想我该说说自由软件运动。
The Open Source movement, focuses on practical advantages 开放源码运动所关注的是
that you can get by having a community of users 你可以由此在用户间形成一个社团
who can cooperate on interchanging and improving software. 其成员通过交流和改进软件来相互协作。
I agree completely with the points they make about that. 我对此表示完全赞同。
The reason why my views are different, while I am in the Free Software movement 我坚持称自由软件运动
rather than the Open Source movement, 而不是开放源码运动的原因是，
is that I believe there's something more important at stake. 我认为还有些更重要的东西。
That freedom to cooperate with other people, freedom to have a community... 那就是与其他人合作的自由，组织社团的自由...
is important for our quality of life. 这些对提高我们生活质量至关重要。
It's important for having a good society that we can live in. 对使我们生存的社会更美好至关重要。
And that that is in my view, even more important than having powerful and reliable software. 它是我的观念中，比拥有强大而可靠的软件更重要的东西。
But I think some of the people in the Free Software camp... 但是我觉得一些自由软件阵营的人...
are a little scared by the commercialization. 有点惧怕商业化。
And uh, you know, of course a rebel is put off by success. 并且，嗯，你知道的，成功能够阻止反叛。
uh.. I think that commercialization is very important. 嗯，我认为商业化非常重要。
We want to mainstream this software, 我们想令这个软件成为主流，
and I work with Richard Stallman who's the gray haired man of Free Software, 我与自由软件的老前辈 Richard Stallman一起工作，
uh, on a regular basis, and I don't feel 嗯，在基本立场上，我不觉得
I have any philosophical differences. 有什么原则上的分歧，存在于
me as author the Open Source definition and “开放源码”定义提出者的我，和
he is originator of free software as an organized thing, 自由软件创始人的他之间，
except for one thing. Richard thinks that all software should be free, 除了一点，Richard认为所有的软件都应该是自由的，
and I think that free software and non-free software should coexist. 而我认为自由软件和非自由软件应该共存。
That's the only difference we have. 这是我们仅有的分歧。
Uh, we decided early on that what we needed, 嗯，我们首先想到我们需要，
a..a definition, we needed a kind of 一个定义，我们需要一种
meta-license to define the term "Open Source". 元许可协议来定义“开放源码”这个字眼
And what we came up with is a document called "The Open Source Definition". 我们弄出一个文件叫“开放源码定义”。
It's derived from the Debian Free Software guidelines that were originally written by Bruce Parens. 它来源于Debian自由软件指导方针， 最初由Bruce Parens所写。
I'd written the original draft of that, uh, 我写了最初的草案，嗯，
discussed it for a month with the Debian developers 与Debian开发者们讨论了一个月
Debian is a Linux distribution Debian是一个Linux发行版
And made it their project policy 这个文件成为他们的项目方针
And Eric and I decided to relabel 我和Eric决定把
what we'd written for Debian 为Debian所写的文件
as The Open Source definition 用于开放源码的定义
and to say Open Source is a software 把开放源码解释为一类软件，
that gives you a list of nine rights 它赋予你9项
which is in the Open Source definition. 由开放源码定义所确定的权力。
The first right is Free Redistribution 第一个权力是自由的重新发布
This doesn't mean Free as in no price 这里的Free不是免费的意思
It means liberty 它表示自由
Um, you have to be free to redistribute 嗯，你必须能够自由的重新发布
your software to someone else 你的软件给其他人
And actually no price is a side effect 而免费只是一个附带效果
You can charge for that redistribution or not 你可以收费，也可以不收
It has to come with source code 但必须附上源代码
So that someone can maintain a program. 这样别人可以自行维护程序。
If they go from a PC to a Mac for example 如果有人要从PC平台转到Mac平台，
they can change the software. 他们就能对软件进行修改。
Derived Works have to be possible 移植工作因此得以实现
If someone has to improve your program 如果有人改进了你的程序
um, they should be able to distribute the result 嗯，他就可以发布改进结果
uh, There is a provision about integrity 嗯，但必须保证
of the author's source code 原作者代码的完整性
which says that the author can sort of maintain their honor 也就是说原作者可以保持他们的荣誉，
and if you make a change 你修改程序时
you might have to change the name of the program 可能就要改变程序的名字
or mark out your change very clearly 或很清晰的标出你的修改
so that your change doesn't reflect on the author 这样你的修改就不会影响原作
There is no discrimination against people or groups. 这里没有对个人或组织的歧视
Uh, the example I usually use is 嗯，就象我常说的
You can't stop an abortion clinic 你不能阻止一个堕胎者
or an anti-abortion activist from using the software 或一个反堕胎主义者使用软件
There is no discrimination against fields of endeavor 这里没有对任何领域的歧视
And that means the software has to be usable 就是说软件可以用于
in a business as well as in a school 商业领域或教育领域
The license has to be distributable 这个许可证必须是可继承的
In other words 换句话说
I have to be able to give that license to someone 我应该能够把这个许可证授予某人，
and that license then should work 然后这个许可协议允许
if that someone gives it to yet a third person 此人把它转给第三者。
The license can't be specific to a product 这个许可证不针对特定产品，
in other words 也就是说，
if I distribute my software on a Red Hat system 如果我把我的软件发布在RedHat系统中
the license can't say 这个许可证不能，
you can't distribute this on a SuSE or Debian system 限制你在SuSE或是Debian系统中发布这个软件。
The license can't contaminate other software 这个许可证不能损害其他软件的许可性质
So if I distribute this on a CD with another program 所以如果它和其它程序发布在同一张CD上，
It can't say that other program must be free 不能说其它程序必须是自由的，
otherwise you can't distribute my software 否则你就不能发布我的软件。
And then the only other part of 现在定义自由软件还需做的
the Open Source definition
is a list of licenses that were accepted 就是列出我们所认可的许可证，
And the ones that we started with were the GPL 这其中，最初的一个就是GPL，
which was actually the example for a lot of 它实际上是
what's in the Open Source definition in the BSD license BSD许可证中开放源码定义的许多实例之一，
because software for BSD system pre-existed Linux 因为运行于BSD系统的软件在Linux之前就存在了。
I think the next moment that I thought was really pivotal 我觉得下一个关键性阶段
was when the database vendors flipped over 就是数据库生产商何时倒向我们
which happened about three months sooner 这比我的预期早了3个月
than I expected to
and actually happened in late July early August 确切时间是7月未8月初，
commitments to do one ports from Oracle and 我们得到移植承诺来自Oracle和
and Sybase and the other key database vendors. 和Sybase及其他关键的数据库厂商。
[ And why was that critical? ] [ 为什么这很关键？ ]
because we knew that in order for 因为我们知道，为了使
the open source story to be credible 开放源码得到信赖，
and especially in order for the Linux story to be credible, 尤其是为了让Linux得到信赖，
we'd have to get commitments from independent software vendors 我们必须得到独立软件厂商的支持，
to do ports of their applications to these platforms 以把他们的产品移植到这些平台
and I was actually kind of worried 并且我事实上有点担心，
I thought that we were in a window of vulnerability 我想我们处于一个易受攻击的地位
between the time that we announced the open source campaign 就在我们打响开放源码的战役后
and the database vendors flipped over 直到数据库厂商倒向我们前这段时期
that was the point in which hostile action 在这个阶段要承受
by Microsoft or other close-source software companies 来自微软或者其他封闭源代码软件公司的敌对行动
that was the point in which 在这个阶段
a serious marketing bleeds might have suck us 严酷的市场竞争可能会吞没我们
but once the big database vendors flipped over 但是一旦大数据库厂商转向我们
that opened the way for other ISVs 就为其他独立软件开发商铺平了道路
that started the snow ball effect going 滚雪球效应就开始发挥作用
Every six months or so 每隔六个月左右
I would come back to the venture capitalists 我都要去找风险投资家
I would show them the new numbers 我向他们提供新的数据
showing more and more people adopting Linux 以揭示越来越多的人接受了Linux
and new people porting, new users 新的（基于Linux的）软件发布，新的用户加入
and I'd show them our customer list 我还向他们展示我们的客户名单
And our customer list was getting much more impressive 我们的客户名单变得越来越抢眼
It was people like Cisco that were beginning to appear 象Cisco这样的公司开始位列其中
people like, you know, those dot-com companies 那些.com公司
were started to show up on our customer list 也开始出现在客户名单上
and eventually the venture capitalists 而风险投资家们
you know, they kept looking at it 你知道，他们一直在冷眼旁观
they kept saying "Oh, we can't quite do it" 他们总是在说“喔，我们不能贸然从事”
Finally, Linus appeared on the cover of Fortune 最后， Linus上了《财富》的封面
There was something happening with Open Source “开放源码”起了翻天覆地的变化
Well, at that point, the venture capitalists couldn't ignore it 到这时，风险投资家再也不能忽视它了
they just got sick of hearing about Linux everywhere 他们到处听到Linux的名字
and they got tired of me, just, you know 他们对我都已经厌烦了，你知道
showing it to them every, at that point it was almost every week 这时我几乎每个星期都去找他们
So they uh, they decided it was time to invest, 所以他们，嗯，他们认为是投资的时候了
that there was something happening 事情就这样发生了
I announced Open Source to the world on the Internet 我在互联网上向世界宣告开放源码运动
I did a lot of the early... administrative the work of 我做了很多早期的....推动工作
starting the Open Source Initiative 积极投身于开放源码
and I think six months later 我记得六个月之后
I was reading the words Open Source 随时都能在新闻中听到
in the news all the time “开放源码”这个词
And I was totally astounded 我很惊讶
And a year later, I believe 一年之后，我想
Microsoft was talking about releasing some source code 微软公司也在讨论是否发布一些源码了
And someone in the press asked Steve Ballmer 新闻界有些人问Steve Ballmer
if they were going to open source their code 会不会开放源码
and Steve Ballmer said, Steve Ballmer说
"Well, Open Source means more than just releasing the source code" “噢，开放源码不仅仅意味着发布源代码”
And I realized that he had read my document 我意识到他看过我的文章
and understood it and was now telling the press about this 他对新闻界表述的正是我文章中的思想
Now if you are like just a guy on the net 现在假设你是网络上的一个普通人
who's not doing this for a job at all 而且并非以此为职业
and you sort of write a manifesto 你发表了一个声明
and it spreads out through the world 它在世上传播开来
and a year later 一年以后
the vice president of Microsoft is talking about that 微软的副总裁也在谈论它
You'd think you were on drugs, wouldn't you? 你会觉得这象是幻觉，不是吗？
But that's what really happened 但是这确实发生了
The Local Users Groups tend to be more than an issue of 本地用户组织不仅仅为了
building a social network 建立一个社交网络
especially getting people familiarized with the issues 更重要的是
also just acting as a kind of supporting network 起到技术支持网络的作用
for people who do not, for example, have the ability 服务于那些无力
to pay for commercial support network 支付商业性技术支持费用的人
So one thing they're doing in this area 所以人们在这里做的
for example, is they're making these. 比如说，
I think it's once a month 他们每月举办一次
They're having install feasts, which mean that 安装聚会， 就是
getting Linux installed on their machines 在他们的机器上安装Linux
or have some issue, I mean 或是遇到一些问题， 我的意思是
maybe they've installed Linux 有些人可能已经安装好了Linux
but want to set up the network in a specific way 但是想对网络进行一些特殊的设置
can actually bring in their machines 他们就可以把机器搬到
to this users group meeting 这个用户组织的聚会上来
And there's a lot of people there willing to help 在这里有很多人乐于帮忙
who may have seen the same problem before. 他们可能以前遇到过类似的问题
Well, actually things aren't so well. 嗯，事情有点不对劲
I tried it earlier myself. I had problems. 我自己试过，没能解决问题。
And so I came to this install feast world. 所以我赶来参加这个安装聚会
All the gurus abound. 这里到处都是高手
Hopefully I'll have better luck getting it in. 真希望我也能有他们那样的水平
Instead of having, uh, sending e-mails, or 取代发，嗯，发电子邮件，或者
writing to news groups on the Internet 发信给互联网上的新闻组
and waiting several days for the answers sometimes 然后好几天后才等到答复
it's easy to come here and find other people 到这里这就轻松多了，在这可以找到
who might know about your problem 可能解决你的问题的人
and may be able to help you 会对你有所帮助
And hopefully within a few hours 幸运的话，很快
you have your machine installed 你的机器就安装好了
Originally I wanted to it install on uh, my larger laptop 我想把它装到，嗯，我的笔记本电脑上
and I just did a search on the net 我就到网上搜索
and found where there were resources to get help 看看有什么可提供帮助的网络资源
And um, I'm here today 结果，嗯，我就找到了这里
cause I'm trying to put Linux on this little guy right here. 因为我想把Linux装到这台小东西上
just a Toshiba Libretto 是一台Toshiba Libretto
It's not a easy thing in the world to do 这可不是件容易的事
because it's a weird piece hardware, So... 因为它的硬件很罕见， 所以...
Any chairs right here? 有凳子吗？
I think that Department of Justice case 我想那个诉讼案
has made people aware of the fact that 使人们产生了
you should at least look for alternatives to Microsoft. 应该寻找Microsoft的替代品
and maybe Microsoft isn't the American dream after all 也许微软终究不是人们所追求的理想
and that kind of shifting perception 之类的看法
you can very clearly see 显然
that people just took Microsoft for granted 人们把微软视为理所当然的选择
and maybe they're still buying Microsoft but at least 他们也许仍然购买微软的产品，但是至少
they're kind of more aware of the issue these days 他们今天对这个问题已经有些认识了
Microsoft actually uses Linux as defense 微软其实把Linux当成了挡箭牌
They used Linux to ground a claim 他们用Linux来证明
that they don't have a monopoly 自己没有形成垄断
because Linux could essentially 因为Linux可以有效地
push them off their catbird any time. 对他们的领导地位发起竞争
It was a very ingenious argument, totally specious 这是非常聪明的辩解，整一个貌似有理
because it didn't 因为它并不能
do anything to answer the charge 回答被指控
that they had previously engaged in 有
bullying and very anti-competitive practices. 威胁和反对竞争的行为。
but it was clever of them 虽然他们耍小聪明
And, in an event, the judge didn't buy it 结果，法官可不卖账
While ordinarily we in the Linux community are rather worried about Linux社区的人们普遍很担心
letting Microsoft become the issue, 微软会成为一个问题
but there was a Slashdot article about December of '98 大概是98年12月发表于 Slashdot网站的一篇文章
where a fellow named Matt at the noodle had pointed out that... 一个网名傻瓜马特的人指出...
that someone at Australia has managed to receive a refund for 在澳大利亚有人成功地以
the unused copy of Windows that came with his computer. 未使用的计算机附带的Windows 软件获得了退款
So he declared the 19th of January, was January? 因此他宣布1月19日，是1月吧？
err, no, It was February. It was February. Oh, I'm sorry, the 19th the February... 嗯，不对，是2月。 哦，对不起，是2月19日...
he declared 19th the February Windows Refund Day. 他宣布2月19日是Windows退款日
and he encouraged everyone to go to the computer manufacturers, 他鼓励大家到计算机制造商那里
and return their unused copies of Windows... 退掉他们未使用的Windows软件
as it was specified in the Windows End-User License Agreement. 就象Windows最终用户许可协议中规定的那样
It's important to remember that in the License itself, it says that 要害在于许可协议声明
you can receive a refund if you don't use the software, 如果你不使用这个软件，你就可以得到退款
and that the manufacture is bound by law to do this... 制造商得依法
or it was bond by contract. 或依合同办理
and we found if you called up these manufactures, they basically said... 我们发现如果打电话给这些制造商，他们一般会说....
"Stop bothering me." and keep hanging up on you. “不要找事。” 然后挂掉电话
We didn't really wanna sort of giving out our location, 我们不想暴露目标
or where we were going to meet, until... 就是我们的集合地点，直到....
you know, at the very last seconds. 直到最后一秒
What we did is, we have people meet at the place where we could control 我们要在一个我们能控制局面的地方集合
in the different towns around here. 在附近的其他城镇
So I was the San Jose marshal, and I believe Nick you were... 于是我成了圣何塞的联络人，而Nick你则是...
I was..., Rick Moen and I did San Francisco. 我是...Rick Moen和我在旧金山召集人马
Right 对
and so we had the maps there and we handed them off everybody who was coming. 我们准备了地图，分发给所有参加的人。
Well, we actually met at a Denny's That's just outside of the Foster City limits... 我们的集合地点在福斯特市辖区外
Foster City city limits, 福斯特市辖区
which meant also just outside of Foster City Police jurisdiction, 就是说福斯特市警局的辖区外
which meant any, any instances that happened at the meeting point 就是说集合地点
happened in the jurisdiction of San Mateo, 在圣马刁县境内，
and if they told us they get lost, we'd say, "Fine, we are going to Foster city. Bye." 如果有人干涉，我们就说， “好，我们去福斯特市，再见。”
It's sort of the Dukes of Hazzard method of avoiding the cops, so... 这是《the Dukes of Hazzard》式的 躲避警察干涉的办法
Well actually, originally we marched on the other side of this building. 当时，我们是从这座房子的那头开始游行
We marched around and up onto the parking structure that's up there, 我们游行到那边的停车场上面，
and that's where Microsoft had a reception laid out for us with 那是微软接待我们的地点
drinks and a big sign that said... 准备了饮料和一个大标语，写着...
"Microsoft Welcomes the Open Source Community". “微软欢迎开源社团”
and the local news cameras got shots of Eric Raymond and Microsoft representative. 当地的新闻摄下了Eric Raymond和微软代表的画面
Microsoft's story seems to mostly be that... 微软的措辞就是这样...
...this was not an issue for Microsoft, rather from the OEMs. ...这不关微软的事，是OEM厂商的问题
So we all needed to go back to our computer manufacturers and try yet again 所以我们都得再回头去找计算机制造商
to try and get refund from them. 去找他们要退款。
We responded to them saying, you know, 我们回答说，你看，
that we tried that and it's not possible, we need Microsoft to take action at this point. 我们试过了不行，我们需要微软出面来解决问题
And they just repeated the tag line over and over again... 而他们只是把前面的话重复一遍又一遍
"you need to go to the OEMs and manufacturers and get your refunds there." “你应该到OEM厂商和制造商那里要退款”
We had about 150 people, probably half of voyage had signs and such, so.. 我们约有150人，大约一半手中有标语什么的，因此...
Well, we ended up actually right in this courtyard here. 我们在这个院子停了下来
Basically we originally met, gathered outside, 我们先在外面集合，
various people sent groups in, people from FreeBSD camp sent a couple of folks in. 很多人结伴来参加，FreeBSD社团也派了人过来。
We had Eric Raymond and Christ actually tried to go up eventually. 最后Eric Raymond和Christ上去了
They had blocked the elevator off to us. 他们封锁了电梯
[ Where are the offices? ] [ 办公室在哪儿？ ]
The offices are right up here on the 9th floor. 办公室在9楼
We got some really nice parts out of it. 我们的行动取得了一些成效
and we think as a result 我想它导致了
Toshiba made a possible for you to buy laptop without the operating system on it. Toshiba允许你购买未预装操作系统的便携式电脑
So, it's a small victory, but... 这是一个小小的胜利, 但是...
Well, even now, companies such as IBM and 尽管这样，像IBM和
a lot of other computer manufacturers are allowing you 很多其他计算机制造商都允许你
now to buy machines that don't have Windows on them. 购买未预装Windows的机器。
When I was a kid and I went to school, 当我还在读书的时候，
the teachers will try to teach us to share. 老师教我们要学会分享
They said if you bring some candy, 老师说如果你有糖，
you can't eat it all yourself, you got to share with other kids. 你不能独吃，而应该和别的孩子分着吃。
But now the administration says teachers should be teaching kids to say yes to licensing. 但是现在的管理部门说老师 应当教孩子们接受许可证观念
If you bring some software to school, "Oh! No, don't share it 如果你带了一些软件到学校，“喔！不，不要共享它
sharing means you're pirate, sharing means you will be put in jail." 共享意味着你在偷窃，共享意味着你要坐牢。”
That's not the way society should work. We need the good will, 社会不应该是这样，我们需要好的风气
the willingness to help other people at least when it's not too hard, 至少在不费事的时候能主动帮助别人
because that's the basis of society, 因为这是社会发展的基础
that's the fundamental resource. 这是最基本的品德
They give us a society instead of a dog-eat-dog jungle. 而他们把我们的社会变成残酷竞争的社会
[ So what about people say if that if [ 那么当别人质问你如果...如果
you have rampant piracy and eliminate the profit motive and... 普遍的侵权行为消除了获利因素...
...and creative works, software. Will not... ] ...创造性的产品、软件，将不会... ]
Well, they were on both counts. For one thing, 嗯，这要从两方面看，一方面，
people are making a profit from developing Free Software, 人们从开发自由软件中受益，
but for another, the freedom to have a community is more important. 另一方面，形成社团的自由才更重要。
[ People that look at, casually at Open Source Free Software and think... [ 人们偶尔这样看开源自由软件，认为...
Well, because you are supposed to share and do it for people's good will, 嗯，因为你们追求共享，并把它做为理想，
Doesn't that seem someone communist. What's your response? ] 这样不是像共产主义者吗？你怎么回答？]
Absolutely nonsense,it makes me really angry when people do that. 一派胡言，这种说法使我愤怒。
Well, back in, back in 1989, actually communism would have been a compliment. 嗯，在1989年的时候，说“共产主义”还算是好听的
the word people were using at that time was "crazy", 那时候人们用的词是“疯子”
and I want them to use capitalism. 我到希望他们用“资本主义”
Communism is an ideology that forces people to share. 共产主义是强迫人共享的意识形态
If you don't share, you get thrown in jail or killed. 如果你不共享，就会被投入监狱或者被杀掉
In 1990, we got a visit from a director of an institute in uh, the Moscow University, 1990年，我们接受莫斯科大学某研究所官员的访问
and actually I saw him in Helsinki just 2 weeks ago, 实际上两周前我在赫尔辛基见过他
but in an event, he came by, 那一次，他来到我们这里
and Richard Stallman had suggested that he visit Cygnus, 是Richard Stallman建议他访问Cygnus公司
because he was interested in and understanding how the Free Software model... 因为他关注于如何利用自由软件模式
might apply to stimulating entrepreneurial innovation in Russia of all places, 刺激俄国的企业改革
and we had been kind of secretive about our business plan, 我们要对我们的商业计划保密
because you know, we were not really sure it's gonna work, 因为你知道，我们并没有成功的把握
we didn't want to look too stupid if it failed. 我们不想因为它失败而被嘲笑
But I was very very open with him. 可我对他还是很开诚布公的
The more I told him, the more he started to shake his head like this, 我对他讲得越多，他越是摇头，就像这样
and I finally said, you know, "What's wrong?" 最后我说，“有什么问题吗？”
And he said, "This sounds to much like communism to be successful in Russia." 他说：“这听起来好像就要在俄国实现共产主义了。”
You got to go a Gulag and end up in a mass grave with a bullet in the back of your head. 你不如去古格拉（集中营） 终结于万人坑，后脑嵌粒子弹。
Open Source is not communism because it does not force people. 开放源码不是共产主义，因为它不是强迫性的
Carl Marx did not invent helping your neighbor. 卡尔·马克思不会发明东西来帮助你的邻居
It's not communist to have a commons, 公有不是共产主义的产物
A commons existed long before communism as a philosophy of government. 公有在共产主义这种政治哲学出现以前很久就存在了
there are many commons in our lives, 我们生活中有很多公有的东西
For example, we drive on the highway, 比方说，供我们开车的公路，
something it is maintained for our common good. 就是为我们的公共利益而修建的。
Actually labeling our business model... 实际上，为我们的商业模型贴标签
means that it misses the point a little bit. 必然会多少偏离其本意
whether it's communist, or whether it's capitalist, 是共产主义，还是资本主义
the label doesn't matter, the real question is, 并不重要，重要的是
how much value can you deliver, how scalable is the business, 你能创造多少价值，你的事业怎样发展，
what kind of problems, what kind of of rate of innovation can you sustain. 会面临什么样的问题，你能保持多高的创新能力
and then, however you want to label that, it's really up to you. 这些弄清楚了，随你什么说都行
The Revolution goes Prime Time. 这场革命进入黄金时期
A lot of people described, 人们都说
that August LinuxWorld as "Linux's coming-out party", 八月的LinuxWorld大会是Linux正式登场的聚会
Linus Torvalds was very funny about this, he said, "What? Was Linux gay?" Linus Torvalds觉得这种说法很搞笑 他说，“什么？Linux是同性恋么？”
But some people said "Yeah, that was our debutante ball." 不过一些人说：“是啊，那是我们的首次社交舞会”
That was when the... 那一次，
Linux Gods, and the hardware hackers really got it together with the suits. Linux的创造者们和硬件黑客们真正穿着西装聚在一起
At 3pm on August 10th 1999, 1999年8月10日下午3时
Linus Torvalds delivered the keynote address to the LinuxWorld. Linus Torvalds在LinuxWorld大会上做了主题讲演
The crowds of 6000 people began lining up at 12 noon. 6000听众从中午12点的时候就在排队等待入场了
Ladies and gentlemen, please welcome Larry Augustin... 女士们，先生们，请欢迎Larry Augustin
LinuxWorld Conference Chair and President and CEO of VA Linux Systems. LinuxWorld大会主席，VA Linux Systems总裁兼CEO
These guys have to clap, I pay them. 这些人不得不鼓掌，因为是我给发的工资。
Thank you all for being here, looks like it's been a great show so far. 感谢大家的到来，你们使展会增辉
If you'll indulge me for a moment, I'm going to try to avoid the glare of the lights. 请稍等，我得避开这刺眼的灯光
I still think there's lots of people, even though this is the 2nd show, 尽管这是第二届展会了，我仍然觉得有很多人，
I still think there's lots of people who don't quite get... 我仍然觉得有很多人并不是很理解
...what it is that's so exciting about Linux Linux的精彩之处
So there is a great show going on next door, 所以隔壁正在举办一个很棒的展览
there's huge exhibits and everything, 那里有众多的展品，什么都有
but it's the people out here that are real contributors, not those companies. 不过到这来的这些人才是主角，而不是那些公司
The person on next I know you all know, 下一个出场的人我想你们都认识
so I don't have to give anything in the way as introduction. 所以就不用我再罗嗦做什么介绍了
Ladies and gentlemen, I give you, Linus Torvalds. 女士们，先生们，请欢迎，Linus Torvalds！
Linus Linus
Thanks. 谢谢
Calm down. 安静
Say "oooo". 说“oooo”
yes. 好！
I don't want to just give one of my normal talks, 我不想做一个正式的讲演
because I find them boring, 因为我觉得那太乏味
probably by now most of you find them boring too because you've heard them like 10 times. 可能在座很多人也会觉得烦，因为你们已经听过有十遍了
But after the technical updates, we will actually try... 在技术升级后，我们想
...whether we can do a question and answer session with 5,000 people, 我们能否开一个5000人答问会
or how many of you there are there. 或者不管多少人都行
and it may not actually work out, 不过它并不真能实现
because one of the 5,000 people is really loud. 因为5000人里面有一个声音就已经够大的了
The one thing I will do, 我唯一要做的事情
which I always do in all my talks is the gratitude thing, 也是我每次演讲都要做的事情 就是表达感激之情
I want to kind of acknowledge the fact that... 我想阐述一个事实，那就是
...I'm obviously not been alone in doing Linux. Linux项目不是靠我孤军奋战
RHAT IPO: On August 11, 1999 REDHAT股票首次公开发行（IPO）：1999年8月11日
Red Hat Software became the first Linux company to go public. Red Hat Software成为首个上市的Linux软件公司
Red Hat, up 228% Red Hat，涨228%
this the IPO the everybody was waiting for. 这是人们翘首以待的首次公开发行
They of cause are behind the Linux operating software. 他们当然在追捧Linux操作系统软件
Morgan J.T., I know Morgan J.T.，我知道
All I've gotten today, 我今天听到的所有消息
are comments about what the stock prices all morning, 都是关于上午股价的评论
you know it was 41, it was 42, it was 47, 从每股41美元，到42，47
it is 53, it is 51... 然后是53，51
Every machine as far as I can tell on the show floor 在这个楼层所能看到的每台机器
is pointed to their e-trade accounts or their broker accounts, they know the Red Hat's price 都连接到他们的电子交易帐户或 经纪人帐户，他们关注于Red Hat的股价
I can't believe this. 我简直不敢相信
I just heard 53. 我刚听说涨到53块了
Oh, boy. 哦，老兄
Hang on, I didn't buy it. 该死，我没买这支股票
You didn't buy? 你没买？
No, no, I didn't buy. 没有，没有，我没买
I should've buy, but uh... 我本来想买的，可是...
No no, that's great. 不，不，它太棒了
If it's... if it's.... 如果它...如果它...
You guys don't know? 你们这些家伙不知道？
Well, you know 嗯，你看
Red Hat being successful as just being said Red Hat正像所说的那样成功了
It legitimizes Linux So it's much easier for us to go out 这促使Linux为大众接受，所以我们跟进就容易得多了
Rob Malda(CmdrTaco) on the Red Hat IPO Rob Malda(网名CmdrTaco)在Red Hat IPO现场
It's kind of been a little bit divided. 一直都有某种意见分歧
You've got a lot of people 你知道有一些
that are pretty hardcore and 相当核心的成员
And they are a kind of offended by that 他们的利益被侵犯了
you know, cause they worked really hard, they are not really getting... 你想，他们非常努力地工作，却没有得到...
maybe they fair share out of that. 他们所应得的
Some people do get ticked. 一些人感到不满
and you know the thing 你听说这事了吧
that you see that on a lot of mailing lists on the Slashdot you'll read, you know 在Slashdot网站的很多邮件列表都能看到
This guy is really mad because he didn't get chance to, he's didn't get a chance to do... 这伙计真的疯了，因为他没把握机会，他没有把握机会去
to get stock from Red Hat 去从Red Hat公司得到股票
He didn't get a chance to get... to get a job from this other company, you know. 他也没有把握机会在这家公司谋求一个职位
But the, the kind of the shocking secret there is that, 但是，令人不解的是
Most the really hardcore guys, you know, they don't care so much. 多数的核心成员，你知道，他们并不太在意
The guys that are kind of really down in trenches. 那些家伙很少抛头露面
They're writing this code because they need this code. 他们编写这些代码，是因为自身的需要
If we could invite Richard Stallman 如果我们能请到Richard Stallman
who is the founder of the Free Software Association 自由软件基金会的创始人
and Tim Ney, who's the managing director. 以及Tim Ney，基金会常务董事
Here we go. Hahahahaha 我们这就去。哈哈哈
Ah, here it is. 啊，来了
Now, Richard, I saw you playing your recorder at, in Paris at that Linux conference Richard，上次在巴黎的Linux会议上我看见你在放录像
But I didn't have audio tracks. 但是没有声音
So would you them to add audio to their, uh... 那么下次你能把声音加到它们的，嗯
Video downstream next time 视频流中么？
Uh..I don't have any control over that 嗯，这我可没辙了
unfortunately those things can only be done with non-free software. 不幸的是这活只能用非自由的软件来做
We give you the award, and before you say a word, 我们给你颁奖，在你发言之前
we'll have a Tim and yourself hold up a little representation of the contribution 我们想让你和Tim把这个代表
towards the Free Software Association. 给自由软件基金会捐款的牌子举一下。
So, very ironic things have happened, 于是，非常讽刺的事情发生了
but nothing to match this 什么事都比不上这个
Giving the Linus Tovarlds award to the Free Software Foundation 向自由软件基金会颁发Linus Torvalds奖
is sort of like giving the Han Solo award to the rebel fleet. 就像给义军舰队颁发Han Solo奖一样滑稽 （注：Han Soloj是电影《星球大战》主角）
You see, some of you may not realize how far that analogy goes. 你看，你们一些人还没明白这个比喻的涵义
But actually let me tell you how this, how we got here. 让我来告诉你们事情是如何发展到今天的地步的
see what happened this. 你就会知道为什么这是件荒唐事
15 years ago, if you wanted to use a computer, 15年前，如果你想使用一台电脑
the only way you could do it was to, was with proprietary software, 你只能在上面运行私有版权的软件
software that divides and subjugates the users. 这种软件分化并控制了用户
And most people just... 多数人只是...
A lot of people didn't like it. 许多人不想这样
But they saw there's no alternative. 但是他们没有选择余地
But some of us were determined to make an alternative. 我们中的一些人决心搞一个替代方案
And we said we're gonna develop a free operating system, 我们想开发一个自由的操作系统
a free software operating system 一个作为自由软件的操作系统
that will give users the chance to have freedom while they use their computers. 它能让用户在使用他们的电脑时拥有自由
Now a lot of people said, "Well, it's a nice idea 有人会说“好啊，是个好主意
but it's so hard, you'll never get it done, 不过这太难了，你们没法实现它，
so I don't wanna participate, I don't believe you can ever get it done." 所以我不会参加，我不相信有成功的那天。”
But luckily not everybody said that. 好在不是每个人都这么说
And clearly, we knew we would eventually get the kernel done. 很显然，我们知道最终我们会把内核完成
But as it happens. 不过碰巧的是
somebody else did a better kernel before we did. 有人先于我们做了一个更好的内核
Now in the old days, we had an overall strategy 所以那时候，我们的整个策略发生了改变
from calling people's attention to the importance of freedom 从唤起人们对自由的重要性的关注，转移到
To the freedom they can have, or not have, when they use a computer. 他们使用电脑时所能得到的自由，或尚未得到的自由
Well what can we do about it? As far as I can tell, 那么我们能做些什么呢？就我而言
the only workable way of trying to change this make that strategy work again 能达成新策略的唯一可行的办法是
is to, spread the word that the operating system you're using is actually the GNU system. 让世人知道他所用的操作系统是GNU系统
Somewhat modify of cause. 当然可能会经过一些修改
And when people know this, 当人们知道这点的时候
they'll take a look at the reasons we developed this system. 他们可能会想我们为什么要开发这套系统
They'll think about these issues. 他们会思考这些问题
And some of them will decide they agree. 他们中的一些人就会赞同我们的观念
So I ask people, please tell the people this is the GNU system. 所以我跟大伙说，请告诉人们这是GNU系统
It's the combination of the GNU and Linux so we can call it GNU/Linux 它是GNU和Linux的结合体，所以我们叫它GNU/Linux
[ So Larry, when you were at Stanford 8 or 9 years ago during your Ph.D [ 那么Larry，8、9年前你在斯坦福读哲学博士时
did you ever think in this position? ] 你想到会有今天的地位吗？]
No 没有
[ All kidding aside. ] [ 你说笑吧 ]
No I had no idea honestly 老实说，没有
[ What did you think you would be when you were finished up with your Ph.D? ] [ 你博士毕业的时候有什么打算？]
You know that's a good question, 你看，你问得好，
I really didn't have a good idea, I mean. 我的确没有好主意。
Here we are, on this huge show floor. 在这里，在这个巨大的展示厅
There are people just going crazy about Linux. 有许多为Linux而疯狂的人们
We had 6,200 people crammed into a room 这里接纳了6200位来宾
to see the Linux, Linus speak last night. 参观Linux，Linus昨晚作了讲演
Here we are, with, you know, 这里，你看
all of these huge venders all over the show. 是众多的展会参展商
I..It's, just, you have no idea that this is gonna happen. 你不会想到能有这样的规模。
I mean this is just this little operating system that were happy with. 我是指这个小小的操作系统能创造这样的奇迹
that few people cared about, you know, 要知道，它从前并不引人关注
I thought I'd have a nice little consulting business. 我原以为是一个小型商业交流活动。
And here I am suddenly, 现在我突然处身于
with all of this huge show going on. 正举办的这个大展会中
It's just incredible. 这简直令人难以置信
I mean, a year ago, you could look and say, you know, this is gonna be big 一年前，你还在说，展会规模会变大的
and everyone standing at the show going 而参加今天展会的每个人都可以说
"You know the show was big last year, “你知道去年的展会规模可真大啊，
is it gonna, is it gonna be as big as this year?" 今年的会跟去年的一样大么？”
The you remind them 那么你就会提醒他们
"You know, last year was only 6 month ago." “你看，去年才刚过去6个月啊。”
And then they go "Oh, Linux time". 于是他们会说：“哦，这是Linux时间。”
So leading up to the IPO, uh... 为准备股票首次发行，嗯...
we had arrived actually in San Diego on Tuesday night 我们星期二夜里到达圣地亚哥
We spent Wednesday morning meeting investors in San Diago. 我们星期三早上会见了圣地亚哥的投资者
We flew up to San Francisco 然后飞往旧金山
spent Wednesday afternoon meeting investment firms in San Francisco 星期三下午拜会了旧金山的投资银行
VA Linux Selected December 9, 1999, as the day for its stock to begin trading. VA Linux选择1999年12月9日作为其股票的首个交易日
then on the Thursday morning of the IPO is 然后在星期四上午的IPO
when our stock would be traded publically. 我们的股票就会公开交易
So it was nice we had ended the tour in San Francisco 很高兴我们已经结束了我们的旧金山之行
because we could go to the credits suite's trading desk the next morning 因为我们第二天可以去交易所
to watch the public offering. 去看股票公开发行了
And in San Francisco being close enough to the company, and to our families, 旧金山离公司和家里都比较近
we could invite people up to actually join us in the first trade. 我们可以请人参加我们的首日交易
So I invited my wife and we invited Linus and Tove, 所以我邀请了我妻子，我们请了Linus和Tove
and a number of other friends and people who worked in the company in to join us. 以及其他朋友和在公司工作的人和我们一起去
Whenever we invite Linus and Tove, 每次我们请Linus和Tove
they have uh, two young children, 他们有，嗯，两个小孩
and I have a daughter, Andrea. 而我有一个女儿，Andrea
And we always bring the kids along 我们总是把孩子们一起带上
so we went in to the credit suite's trading floor 于是我们来到交易所的交易大厅
with all these traders and there are these 3 year old kids 那里有交易员，还有三岁大的孩子们
running around and chasing each other around the show floor, 来回跑，在展示厅、
around the trading floor. 在交易厅里互相追逐。
So Linus and I walked in and we walked up in to the trading floor Linus和我来到交易厅
and everyone was very excited. 大家都非常兴奋
And we kept asking them, well "Hows it going? Are things going ok?". 我们不停地问他们，“进展如何？一切都好吗？”
And they said, "Oh, it's.. uh, we're really excited, 而他们说，“Oh，我们太激动了，
I think things are going well. 我想一切顺利，
We don't wanna, We don't wanna say, We don't wanna jinx anything." 我们不想，我们不想说任何不吉利的话。”
We walked in and it was a big screen TV showing CNBC. 我们走进去，里面有个大屏幕电视，正在放CNBC
And it was amazing to us, but the theme for the day was Linux. 令我们惊讶的是，那天的新闻主题是Linux。
Now we have an IPO that's gonna go today. 现在我们有家公司将于今日首次公开发行
And when I mean go, it is going to go. 在我报导的同时，它正在进行中
The estimates I'm hearing are staggering. 它的发行定价令人惊愕
But watch VA Linux Systems. It goes at 12:40 today. 看VA Linux Systems公司。它在今天12:40发行
The symbol is L-N-U-X. 股票代号是L-N-U-X。
A provider of large scale computer servers and workstations, 一个大规模计算机服务器和工作站供应商
specially designed for the Linux operating system. 其产品专为Linux操作系统而特别设计。
The original range on this IPO was 11 to 13 dollars, then 21 to 23, then 28 to 30. 发行定价范围最早为11到13美元， 然后改为21到23，然后是28到30美元
Priced at 30, and the estimates I'm hearing I don't wanna repeat 达到30美元，听到这个定价我不想再重复了
because I don't have a confirmation. 因为未经证实
But if they're true, they will blow you're mind when this stock takes off at 12:40. 但如果这是真的，这支股票在12:40的发行会使你吃惊的。
I turned to Linus and I said "Gee, did you ever think, 我转过来对Linus说“哈，你可曾想过，
you know, you'd walk in here some day and Linux would be THE theme on CNBC?". 有一天你会来到这里，而Linux成了CNBC新闻的主题么？”
and Linus said in his joking way said "Oh Absolutely!". Linus用他那幽默的口气回答道“哦，绝对想过！”
So we walk in and they show us the buy and sell orders coming in.. 于是我们向里走，我们看到不断涌入的股票买卖订单
and it's incredible. 这简直令人难以置信
We're seeing numbers like 320 dollars, 340 dollars a share. 我们看见像每股320美元，340美元的数字
And I'm just in complete shock. 我完全惊呆了
You know, this is over 10 times where we priced the offering. It was incredible. 你知道，这超过发行价10倍以上了。真的难以置信
And I remember Linus just kind of, sort of patting me on the back and saying, 我记得Linus只是在我的背上拍拍，说
you know "Relax..." and it was pretty exciting to see that. “放松点”，那种情景真的令人兴奋
We were, it was just amazing. We were stunned. 太让人吃惊了，我们都被惊呆了
We were lucky that we were able to get back to the offices, 还能走回办公室真是运气
we'd been in San Francisco so we could come back to VA's offices 我们去到了旧金山，所以我们得赶回VA的办公室
to, to see everyone in the office for the IPO. 去看望在办公室等IPO的同事们
When we got back, we had uh, everyone was obviously very excited. 当我们回到的时候，每个人都很激动
The IPO had done just tremendously well. IPO进行得实在太成功了
We had a little party that we put together. 我们开了一个小型的Party
It was interesting, while we were celebrating 有意思的是，在我们庆祝的时候
there were plenty of people that were still trying to work. 有很多人还然在上班
I recall cries of "Be quiet!", "We're on the phone!", "We're Working!", 我记得有人在叫“小声点”， “我在打电话”，“我们在工作”
Uh, as we uh, as we went in to the offices. 嗯，当我们，当我们走进办公室的时候
One of the things I did was I gave the road show presentation 我做的一件事情是把路演情况通报
for the employees back at the office, 给回到办公室的同事们
so they could have an idea of what we'd been telling investors, 这样他们就能知道我们是怎样向投资者推介的了
and understand exactly what we'd uh, put together for them. 并懂得我们要一起为此努力工作
But again the story of the day is VA Linux, now up 766% to 235 dollars to 265. 今日的故事主角仍然是VA Linux，现在涨了766%， 达到每股235美元，265美元
Sue, the best performing IPO ever. Sue，这是有史以来最成功的IPO
Here it goes, Sycamore Networks was uh, priced at 38 dollars, surged to $270. 它就在眼前，Sycamore Networks股价 曾从38美元暴涨到270美元
This has just beat it. And by the way.. 这一记录刚刚被打破。同时...
[ How do you feel about potentially billions of dollars of wealth being created [ 你对自己的创造物形成潜在的数十亿美圆财富
from your creation, that you're not directly cashing out? ] 你却不能直接获利有什么感想？]
So, if I hadn't made Linux available, I mean, 嗯，如果我没有把Linux共享出来，我想
I wouldn't have gotten any money that way either. 我也不会因此得到任何钱
So I mean, It's a win-win situation. 所以我的意思是，这是一个双赢的局面
Uh, just the fact that there are a lot of commercial companies 嗯，出现许多商业公司这一事实
means that there are a lot of Linux people who used to work on Linux kind of on the side. 意味者，许多从前利用业余时间从事Linux工作的人
And now they get paid for doing what they wanted to do. 现在能干他们想干的事并得到报酬了
And that helps me in the sense that I wanted them to work on Linux anyway. 那对我很有利，因为我希望他们能为Linux工作
The whole GNU project is really one big hack. 整个GNU计划真的是一项庞大的黑客计划
It's one big act of subversive playful cleverness, 它是一个颠覆性的、充满乐趣和智慧的行动
to change society for the better, because I'm only interested in changing it for the better, 它使社会变得更美好，我只对使社会变得美好感兴趣
but in a clever way. 不过要用聪明的办法。
Hi, we're the GNU/Stallmans, and this is "The Free Software Song" 嗨，我们都是GNU/Stallmans，这是“自由软件之歌”
Join us now and share the software; 让我们一起共享软件；
You'll be free, hackers, you'll be free. 你将获得自由，黑客们，你将获得自由。
Hoarders may get piles of money, 囤积者获得财富，
That is true, hackers, that is true. 无可质疑，黑客们，无可质疑。
But they cannot help their neighbors; 但他们不会相助邻里；
That's ain't good, hackers, that's ain't good. 那可不好，黑客们，那可不好。
When we have enough free software 当自由软件充盈
At our call, hackers, at our call, 以我们的努力，黑客们，以我们的努力，
We'll throw out those dirty licenses 我们将抛弃那肮脏的许可
Ever more, hackers, ever more. 永远地，黑客们，永远地。
Join us now and share the software; 让我们一起共享软件；
You'll be free, hackers, you'll be free. 你将获得自由，黑客们，你将获得自由。
Join us now and share the software; 让我们一起共享软件；
You'll be free, hackers, you'll be free. 你将获得自由，黑客们，你将获得自由。
Oh, you'll be free Oh，你将获得自由
I let you know. 我庄严地宣布，
That you'll be free. [ repeat ] 你将获得自由[重复]
I let you know 我庄严地宣布，
That you'll be free. [ repeat ] 你将获得自由[重复]