腐烂 Decay.
时刻都在发生 每个人都遇到过 It happens to everything and everyone.
我们努力去驱赶,让它远离每天的生活 We try to keep it out of our everyday lives.
但是在自然界中,腐烂发挥着一个很重要的作用 But decay is one of the most important forces in nature.
它为地球上生命活动打下基础 It underpins all life on Earth.
假如让它自行滋生在家里，我们会看到什么现象？ So what would we see, if we let it loose in our homes?
为了寻求真相，我们特别建造了一个居家环境 To find out, we've built a home of our own
就在这个房子里 inside this box.
我们放置的物品很常见，在普通的厨房和花园都能找到 We've filled it with everything you might find in a typical kitchen and garden.
我们将要让它们全部腐烂 And now we're going to let it all rot.
主持人:乔治.迈克加文 博士
万事俱备 Well, here it is.
由技师和科学家共同组成的团队，耗时8个月 A team of engineers and scientists have spent eight months
建造了模拟的厨房和花园 recreating a kitchen and garden.
放入大家所熟识的食物 On the inside is all the food you'd expect,
非常丰盛，简直就象是准备举行聚会一样 as if a family were just about to have a party.
细菌和真菌的孢子当然也在里面，它们将启动腐烂进程 Also on the inside are the bacteria and fungal spores that are going
我迫不及待地想知道接下来发生的事情 to start the process of decay. I can't wait to see what happens next.
在这八周里，我们会跟踪每一个细节 Over eight weeks, we're going to track every step
对破坏和重复利用日常食物的奇特过程，进行详细观察 of the extraordinary process that breaks down and recycles our everyday things.
房子就是我们的实验室，将会让我们惊讶于 The house will be our lab, as we reveal the unexpected order
腐烂混而不乱的现象 behind the chaos of decay,
将会帮助我们明白 and will help us understand
为什么生活与腐烂过程息息相关 why life itself depends on this process.
在探究的过程中，有时可能令人反感 At times what we find might be disturbing and repellent...
甚至极度不适 This is probably going to be absolutely atrocious.
（咳嗽声） （HE COUGHS）
但也有惊奇的瞬间 But there will also be moments of surprise.
霉菌基本上覆盖了整个盒子 The mould has just covered that entire box.
里面隐藏着别样风光 ..as we uncover hidden beauty.
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我将密切关注房内情况 And I'll go beyond the box
看看腐烂是如何影响我们的生活... to see how decay affects our lives...
（啊！我不行！） （Ah! Can't do it!）
看看我们怎样调查它 ..how we detect it...
记得《变形怪体》电影吗？ Do you remember seeing the film The Blob?
看看我们如何对抗它 ..how we fight it.
我吃过的三明治，要数两年贮存的最好吃 It's definitely the best two-year-old sandwich I've ever had.
从来没有人象我们这样尝试过 Something on this scale has never been attempted before,
所以事情不一定完全按计划进行 so things might not go according to plan.
呵！苍蝇全跑到这里来了 Ah! Now that's where all the flies went.
但无论如何，接下来将是一个奇妙的旅程 But whatever happens, it will be a fascinating journey
我们将见证所有生物的宿命 into the fate that awaits all living things.
涅磐 To be broken down.
轮回 To be recycled.
重生 To be reborn.
片名：生命真相－科学看奇特的腐烂
令人惊讶的是 It's a surprising thought,
生命依赖腐烂 life relies on death.
一切生物，包括人类 Living things, us included,
都由死亡后留下的东西所构建 can only be made from the remains of dead things.
我们希望能够把这个难以置信的循环过程 And that's the incredible cycle we hope to capture,
呈现在我们的"生命真相实验室"里 inside our After Life House.
作为生物学家，我急切地想观察 As a biologist, I can't wait to see
会有什么样的新生物 what new life will emerge from these
产生于我们放置的物体中 dead things by the time we're done.
这是第一天.后面我们还要经历8周 This is day one. We have eight weeks to go.
这还是我第一次来到房子里观察 This is my first chance to see inside the box.
眼前就象是聚会刚开始的情景 And a party was obviously just about to happen.
这里有煮熟的大米、辣椒，那是几杯咖啡 Over here we've got cooked rice and chilli, there's cups of tea.
角落处有未煮的鲜鱼 Over in the corner there's a raw fish,
很快就会散发相当难闻的气味 that's going to get very smelly pretty fast.
这是奶酪和水果盘，盘里满是水果 Cheese and a fruit bowl here, masses of fruit flies on that, probably,
我的意思是,不知道以前是否有人这样做过 I mean, we don't know, it hasn't been tried before.
这是一堆蔬菜，看起来很新鲜 A vegetable box over here, again, it all looks fresh,
但是在一两周后，就会开始腐烂起来 but that will, in a week or two, begin to rot down.
请看这里，生鲜的鸡肉 And look at this, a raw chicken.
香肠、汉堡包，这里所有的一切 Sausages, hamburgers, all this is
都会毫无打扰地交由苍蝇肆虐 going to attract flies like nobody's business.
在外侧的花园里，架着整个的猪只 Out here in the garden you've got a whole pig on a spit.
这将会发出难闻的气味 That's going to become very smelly indeed.
但是，在花园里不仅只有食物 But it's not just food items out here in the garden.
我们还放置了一堆混合肥料，还有一堆木柴 We have a compost heap. We have a woodpile.
它们也一样会腐烂的 They'll rot down too.
我们会有趣地看到所有东西如何腐烂 It'll be interesting to see how, as all the things decay,
木头、植物和猪只，它们将怎什么样去互相作用 the wood and the plants and the pig, how they will interact.
在那边的角落，我们还放了一只死老鼠 Over there in the corner we have a dead rat as well.
这里的东西都是我们精心安排的 In fact everything in here has been carefully arranged to help us
以便让我们很好地展现腐烂的基本形式 unravel the underlying patterns of decay.
我们会密切地保持温度是多少，湿度是多少 We're going to keep an eye on how humid it is, and how hot it is.
已经升到66%的相对湿度了，这会加速我们的实验 It's already up to 66% RH which will make things go really quite fast.
我不敢肯定，自己能不能忍受高温、恶臭或者苍蝇 I'm not sure if I'll be overcome by the heat, the stench or the flies.
昆虫是我的核心研究对象 Insects are my own speciality.
另外还有霉菌和细菌，它们是腐烂的关键作用者 Together with moulds and bacteria, they are key agents of decay,
物质会在它们的影响下变质 things that will break all this down.
为了确保它们从一开始，都能出席房子里的盛会 To make sure they are all present in our house from the start,
我们挑选了常见的品种 we're introducing a selection of common species.
瞧这里，它直接钻到底下了 Look at that, straight underneath!
这些大头苍蝇将会是主角之一 These guys, blow flies, are going to be the ones
出现在腐烂的早期阶段 to watch in the early stages.
它们飞走了 And there they go.
好了,我们的实验现在开始 Well, that's it. We're up and running
该离开这些腐烂的作用者了 and it's time to leave all this to the agents of decay.
从现在开始，在大约两个月内 Now, for nearly two months,
我们会追踪腐烂的每一个阶段 we're going to track every stage in the process of decay.
并不是只有我们在关注 And we're not the only ones following events.
房子和里面的东西是对公众开放的 The box and its contents are on display to the public within
就设在艾丁堡动物园内，以便探究人们 Edinburgh zoo, to help explore our reactions
对这个鲜为人知的过程的反响 to this little-understood process.
噢，天哪，我从来没见过这样的情景 Oh my God, I've never seen anything like it
那真是一头猪 That's a real pig.
哇，真恶心 Ew, that's gross!
噢，那里有一只老鼠 Oh, there's a mouse.
真令人作呕，哇 That's disgusting, eugh!
看看那条鱼 Look at that fish.
在这里感到难受,我们马上离开,好吗? Can we go out now cos it's going to make us feel sick?
（笑声） （THEY LAUGH）
我赞成 I agree.
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在试验开始的第一个24小时里 For the first 24 hours of our project,
腐烂的痕迹还不太明显 visible signs of decay are subtle.
但这些腐烂的作用者已经开始分解食物 But the agents of decay are already battling it out to decompose the food
抢掠里面的营养物质 and get to the nutrients locked inside.
我要去了解 I want to investigate
在试验的开始阶段,谁是罪魁祸首 who's got the advantage in this opening stage
现在是第二天,这里很温暖，25℃ Well, it's the second day and it's really warm in here,it's 25 degrees.
如同置身于暖和夏日，因此许多东西都变干了 That's like a warm summer day, so some things are drying out
辣味牛肉已经长起了一层霉 the chilli con carne is already growing a layer of mould,
这表明这里的空气里漂流的真菌孢子 and that shows that there are fungal spores drifting around in the atmosphere
时刻都在运动着,然后有些停留在食物上 all the time and settling on food.
这里的三明治原来是高到盒顶 Over here, the sandwiches which originally filled the box,up to the top,
但现在缩小到只有原来的一半高了 have sagged down to about half their height.
我觉得那边的情形最有趣 But what's really interesting me is what's happening over here.
鸡只的表面发生了相当明显的变化 The most obvious change so far has been on the surface of our chicken.
慢速摄影机显示,大块的斑痕出现在鸡的皮肤上 Our time lapse cameras show these blotches appearing on its skin,
而这仅仅是一天的功夫 over the course the past day.
为了寻找产生变化的原因 To find out what's producing them,
我邀请到了微生物学家克蕾雅.泰勒博士 I've asked Dr Clare Taylor, a microbiologist, to join me.
嘿，克蕾雅，那只鸡看起来变了一点颜色 Well, Clare, that chicken is beginning to look a bit discoloured.
--还有一点异味 --是开始变臭了 －It smells a bit as well.－There's beginning to be a slight whiff.
你怎么看待这个现象? What have you got on this?
我将使用紫外线光 I tell you what I've got a UV light
这样我们能够更好地观察表皮 so we can take a look more closely at the surface.
我通常用紫外线作其它用途 Now, ultraviolet I use for other things,
但我很好奇,通过它会观察到什么样的情况 but I'm interested to see what happens here.
--现在你还看不到 --是的,看不出什么来 Now you can't see it. No, can't see anything.
注意看着那里 Take a look at that!
太奇妙了!所有地方都变蓝了 It's glowing! So all these areas are glowing sort of blue.
是的.你所看到泛白的地方,那就是细菌 Exactly, so where you can see those glowing bits, that's bacteria.
--什么细菌? --应该是假单胞菌 Any particular kind? That's likely to be pseudomonas.
假单胞菌可以让食物腐烂,是很常见的种类 Pseudomonas is a common type of food spoilage bacteria.
在紫外线下,通过显微镜可以见到细菌群不断繁殖 Our microscope shows a whole colony glowing under the UV light.
这里就有十亿个细菌 There could be as many as a billion individual bacterial cells
而这仅是一个样本上的数量 in this sample alone.
总而言之 In sheer number terms,
细菌是地球上最普遍的腐烂作用者 bacteria are the most common agents of decay on the planet.
在动物尸体上,它们是腐烂的先头部队 And, on dead animals, they're the first to attack.
因为它们早就捷足先登了 Because they're already on the scene.
所有生物在还活着的时候,就携带着细菌 All creatures carry bacteria while they're alive.
在我们的鸡只被宰杀前,假单胞菌已经被携带上了 These pseudomonas bacteria were on our chicken before it was killed,
当时它们以鸡皮的分泌物为生 feeding on its skin secretions.
如果鸡只死亡,它们很快转为蚕食鸡肉 Now it's dead, they've quickly switched to decomposing its flesh.
有了丰盛的食物和充足的水份 With ample food, and enough moisture,
它们繁殖迅速 they've multiplied rapidly.
随着细菌规模的扩大,就会出现奇异现象 As colonies of bacteria like this expand, something surprising happens.
这些细菌开始相互配合行动 The bacteria start to coordinate their actions.
同心协力 相得益彰 Working together to benefit the colony.
每个细菌会发出信息,向其它同类传递当前状况 The bacteria send signals to each other to direct what they do.
通过互通有无,别的细菌就知道应当怎样行动 So the bacteria are talking to each other, telling each other where they need to go.
这些是发生了基因转变的大肠杆菌 These E-coli bacteria have been genetically modified
是我们为了观察细菌的运作而特意安排的 to allow us to see this in action.
在区域达到临界大小时,所有细菌会开始一齐闪烁 When the colony reaches a critical size all the bacteria start flashing in unison.
细菌在不断地释放化学物质 Bacteria are constantly exchanging chemicals that allow them
进行探测自己团体的个体数量,以及邻近区域里同类的情况 to sense their own numbers and those of rival colonies.
它们甚至能够估算,在什么时候达到一定的个体数量 They can even detect when they have the numbers
才能够压制邻近区域的竞争 to overwhelm a competitor.
在我们的鸡只上，这个策略让细菌们的利益得以最大化 Back on our chicken, these tactics have allowed food spoilage bacteria to gain the upper hand.
但是它们的行动引起了连锁反应 But their actions are setting off a chain of events
吸引来了新的分解机制 that will attract a whole new set of decomposers.
在它们破坏鸡肉细胞,吞噬里面的蛋白质的时候 As they break down the cells of the chicken to feast on the protein inside,
细菌会同时释放出强烈的臭气 the bacteria are releasing strong smelling gases.
大头苍蝇会沿着分解肉类而产生的臭气 blow flies can pick up the smell of decomposing flesh
在动物死亡后的数分钟内,就迅速赶到 within minutes of an animal's death.
因此极可能它们已经在鸡肉和其它肉类里,进行产卵了 So it's likely they've already laid eggs on the chicken and other meat throughout the box.
在接下来的几天后,我们将查看是否能够看到蝇蛆 We'll find out if we start seeing maggots in the next few days.
这些气味对我们来说也是一个信号 These gases send a signal to us too.
这是一个很重要线索 It's our most important clue
让我们知道腐烂食物的细菌正在活动 that food spoilage bacteria have been at work.
注意了,让我们看看人们对这些鸡腿的反应 Right, let's see what folks make of these chicken drumsticks.
对微小的变质,看看是如何的微妙反应 I want to see how sensitive we are to even the smallest signs of decay.
嘿,朋友,你愿意帮忙闻一下这个吗? Hi, guys, would you care to have a smell of this?
--呃!我在这里都闻到了. --哇! Erggh! I can smell it from here. Urgh!
(笑声) (THEY LAUGH)
--太恶心了.别搞了! --真不太好受! It's horrible. Stop it. It's not nice.
呵,如果发现这个在你的房子里,你会怎么办? So, if you found that in your house, what would you do?
不会再吃了.我会把它丢到垃圾箱的 I wouldn't eat it. I think I'd put it in the bin.
我会立即扔掉它,越远越好 I'd throw it away immediately. Throw it out.
真的令人作呕 It's disgusting.
我们每天都要与腐烂作斗争 We fight a daily battle to keep this kind of decay
将它驱逐出厨房 out of our kitchens.
通过房子里的事情,使我觉得这真是一个艰巨的任务 Looking round the box already makes me think about what a challenge this really is.
腐烂是毫无怜悯心的 Decay is a relentless opponent.
所以,我对探究如何缓减腐烂很感兴趣 So, I'm interested in exploring what we've learnt about delaying its effects.
在美国,有一个团队 And in America, there's a team that's taking on
在挑战最大限度地保藏食物 the ultimate food preservation challenge.
(枪声) (GUNSHOTS)
(佛特.本宁 美国)
保持低头,不然子弹会打中你的脑瓜 Keep your head down or it's going to get shot off you!
(枪声) (GUNSHOTS)
各位,这里当然不是合适的场所 Now, this is not necessarily the first place I'd think of
能够让我们去讨论最新的食物话题 when it comes to the latest advances in food science,
但正是美国军队，处于与腐烂作斗争的最前沿 but the US army is right on the frontline in the war against decay.
战时的食品供应通常会面临一个挑战 Feeding an army in the field has always presented a challenge.
战士们要求食物能够快速准备 Soldiers need food that is quick to prepare,
携带轻便,而且保质期长 light to carry and long lasting.
传统上,美国军人使用真空罐装食物 Traditionally, the US military uses vacuum packed food
统称为MRE食品,意思是即食 called MREs, meals ready to eat.
特殊包装能阻止水分和空气进入 Special packaging stops moisture and oxygen getting in
所以细菌不能生长 so bacteria can't grow.
MRE食品的保质期是三年 MREs have a shelf life of three years.
但是还是存在一个问题 There's a problem though.
MRE食品不太受食用者喜欢 MREs are not exactly popular with the people who have to eat them.
毫无疑问,MRE让人索然无味 Hands-down-worst MRE made is the veggie omelette.
吃起来就象...我真不知怎么形容才好 It's like eating a... I don't know.
湿腻腻 软绵绵 没什么口感 Wet, soggy cardboard is the best way I think you can describe it.
假如每天都是MRE,我只会勉强吃一点 If I had to eat an MRE every day, that would basically suck.
(枪声) (GUNFIRE)
因此,如要保持军队的战斗力 So, when the army went looking for ways to spruce up the menu,
就必需更贴近战士们的需要 it wanted something more appealing.
食物不仅能够快速准备、易食 Something that was quick and easy to eat.
而且能够供给战士们需要的足够热量 And could deliver the huge amounts of energy that soldiers require.
解决的方法很让人惊讶 The solution was a surprise.
三明治，但不是普通的三明治 A sandwich. But not just any sandwich.
军用的三明治美味可口 A sandwich that remains fresh and tasty in the field
能够三年保质 for up to three years,
不需要冷藏、烘干或加水 without refrigeration, freeze drying or the need to add water.
这就是最极致的保存 That is extreme preservation.
那他们是怎么做到的呢？ So how did they do it?
食品学家米歇尔.理查森 Food scientist Michelle Richardson
参与了这种三明治的研发 was part of the team that developed the sandwich.
她的第一个挑战就是控制三明治中的水分 Her first challenge was to control the moisture you'd find in a typical sandwich.
（笑声） （HE LAUGHS）
这些三明治看起来不太顺眼 These sandwiches do not look very happy.
是的 不是太好看 They really don't.
里面有火腿和奶酪，而且在车里放上三天了 That's a ham and cheese wedge that's been in the car for three days.
如果我们打开包装，我们会看到 If we open it up, we'll just have a look at this thing
就象是把它放在背包三天了... cos if you had that in your backpack for three days...
这是一个从普通商店买到的三明治 That was just a normal shop-bought sandwich.
呃！发潮了，潮得比较厉害 Urgh! It's soggy. It's really soggy.
注意这里 Look at that.
如果是在作战中，你不会愿意吃掉它吧？ You wouldn't really want to eat that in the field?
不情愿的原因有两个 You really wouldn't want to eat it for two reasons.
一方面是没有口感 It wouldn't taste good,
比普通的味道差得太多了 because the texture is not what you typically get.
再者是里面的水分太多 And also because of that moisture excess
可能已经滋生细菌 you may have bacteria growing in it.
如果你能控制水分，就能缓减腐烂变质的速度 If you can control the moisture, you can slow down the process of decay.
没有水份，细菌就无从滋生 Without water, bacteria cannot grow.
因此干燥能有效防止食物的腐烂 That's why drying is the classic way to stop food decaying.
但三明治如果没有水份，肯定不适合食用 But a sandwich without water would be inedible.
从另一种效果良好的保藏技术中,米歇尔获得灵感 So Michelle has taken inspiration from another classic preservation technique.
这是草莓酱 Well, this right here is strawberry jam
--你看这里，非常稠 --是的 and as you can see in here, it's very firm. Yeah.
它是草莓做的.正如绝大多数果类和蔬菜 It's made from strawberries. Most fruits and vegetables contain
含有大量的水分,也许有95%的水 a lot of water, probably 95% water,
但加入不同的物料后 but by adding different ingredients,
就让水份能够非常牢固地保持 what that does is it holds the water in very tightly.
这么说就是禁锢在里面了? Right, so it's locked away in there?
是的 Yes.
糖加入到果酱中,会起到类似保湿剂的作用 The sugar added to jam acts as what's called a humectant.
它使果实中的水分保持在果酱中 It traps the water from the fruit inside the jam.
这就能解释为什么果酱湿润,易于摊开 That's why the jam is moist enough to spread,
却不会让面包潮湿 but doesn't make the bread soggy.
在与腐烂变质的抗争中,这点是至关重要的 Crucially for the battle against decay,
水分能够保持但远离了细菌 the water is also now locked away from bacteria.
军用的三明治使用了一系列的物料 The army's sandwiches deploy a whole range of ingredients
去解决水分的问题 that have these water-retaining properties.
蜂蜜、糖及盐都要用到 Honey, sugar and salt have all been enlisted.
细菌需要水分才能滋生 Bacteria need water to thrive.
绝大多数还同时需要氧气。 Most also need oxygen too.
米歇尔发现了一种釜底抽薪的办法 Michelle has found a way to cut off supplies of that as well.
我打开包装后，在里面发现了这个东西 Now, when I opened the pack I found this inside
--我猜是不能食用的吧 --不能 and I assume that's not edible. No, it's not.
这个有什么作用? What is this for?
这是一包除氧剂 This is an oxygen scavenger.
实质上里面是很细小的铁质 Basically what's contained in here are little iron shavings.
噢,对,铁粉 Oh, right. Iron filings.
如果包装内还有氧气或水分 If there is any oxygen or moisture still inside the packaging,
它们就会与铁粉产生反应,生成铁锈 they'll react with the iron filings, and become trapped in a layer of rust.
防止类似细菌的酵母和霉菌滋长 This will prevent yeast and mould from growing as well as bacteria but
同时也能防止发生需氧的化学反应 it will also prevent chemical reactions that require oxygen from taking place.
这个真的是高科技的三明治! This is one seriously hi-tech sandwich!
呵,没错 Yeah, it is.
这些简易的解决方法,结合起来却很奇妙 These simple but ingenious solutions have combined
从而让食物能有效地抵抗腐烂 to make a food that is highly resistant to decay.
但最后还是要测试,看人们是否喜欢它 But the ultimate test is whether anyone wants to eat it.
我吃过贮存了2年的三明治,很好吃 It's definitely the best two-year-old sandwich I've had.
甚至好过新鲜的 Better than a lot of new ones too.
我是它的超级粉丝.我喜欢这种面包 I'm a big fan. I like the bread.
面包就应该这样做,它非常棒 The bread just makes it, it's definitely great,
尤其是那种贮存两年的 especially for two-years-old.
这些三明治不能永远保持新鲜 These sandwiches don't stay fresh for ever.
但他们做了前面的工作,进行防潮及除氧 But they do show that, if you can reduce the moisture and oxygen that
细菌无以为生 bacteria thrive on,
就能防腐保质很长时间 you can hold off decay for a very long time.
---------记录片之家--------- 文字翻译/时间轴校对:annwayili
回到房子,这里的水分和氧气 Back at the house, water and oxygen
当然不会出现短缺 certainly aren't in short supply,
因此细菌就人丁兴旺了 so bacteria are thriving.
时间过了8天 And over the last eight days of decay
我们开始看到蝇蛆在猪肉里长出来 we've started to see the first maggots appearing in our pig.
我原来就估计到，它们的数量会在一周左右爆长 I'd expect their numbers to rocket in a week or so.
另一种昆虫还在死老鼠周围不停地忙碌着 Other insects have been busy around our dead rat.
它们叫做埋葬甲虫 These are sexton beetles.
在野外,它们通常掩埋小动物的残骸 In the wild they'll bury the carcasses of small mammals
以提防虎视眈眈的竞争对手 to protect them from rival insects.
然后它们的幼虫会食用腐肉 Their own larvae then break down the flesh.
但是我们的试验没有很好地按计划进行 But in our box, things are not quite going to plan.
虽然大费周折,老鼠尸体还没有被埋藏好 Despite all the activity, our rat remains unburied.
所以我稍后会放上新的死老鼠 So I'll try laying out a new rat
看看它们是否会喜欢 and see if they prefer it.
鸡只的变化给人的印象最为深刻 But the most dramatic change has been in our kitchen.
霉菌后来居上,几乎将它包裹了 It's been overrun by the next agent of decay, mould.
霉菌是腐烂的主要角色 Moulds are masters of decay.
它们是菌类的其中一种，而菌类是地球上 They're a form of fungi, the most versatile
最广泛和最重要的分解作用者 and important decomposers on the planet.
菌类能分解绝大多数的东西 Fungi can rot almost anything.
在试验房子里,霉菌正在攻击果类和蔬菜 In our box, moulds are attacking our fruit and vegetables.
还有肉类也是如此 And they're also on our meat,
在这场战争中,细菌明显占了上风 battling with the bacteria for dominance.
让我们拭目以待最后的结局 It'll be fascinating to see how that one plays out.
房子里有1000种不同类型的霉菌 The typical house will contain about 1,000 different species of mould.
它们的孢子附着在合适的食物表面上,就会开始生长 They can start to grow the moment their spores land on a suitable food source.
我们看看在房子里有谁在大展拳脚 I want to see which ones are at work in our box.
鸡肉处处都是霉菌了 Well, in the kitchen there is mould absolutely everywhere.
托盘里的蔬菜也长满了真菌 The vegetables in the tray are covered in fungus.
这里可以见到,至少有三种类型的真菌 There's at least three sorts of fungus I can see.
汉堡包,香肠 The hamburgers, sausages,
特别是汉堡包已经完全被霉菌覆盖了 even the hamburgers that are wrapped up are now covered in mould.
这些看起来很...喔,随时要裂开似的 That's looking quite... woah! That might blow at any time.
小水果被腐烂得特别厉害 The soft fruit in particular have been attacked.
桃子已经坏透了,上面到处是霉菌 The peaches have gone and there's mould everywhere.
甜瓜真让人难以置信,简直是铁打的 The melon's just incredible, it's really been hammered.
只被霉菌覆盖了少许地方,就是这些样子 It's just covered, all over there.
准备揭开盒子了,我不由得有些许胆怯 I'm a little bit nervous about taking this lid off.
这里将出现...喔! This is going to be... Urgh!
噢! 散发的气味真的难以置信 Urgh! That's an incredible smell.
它还是很甜的 It's almost sweet.
不可思议! 从气味上感觉就象是昨晚才出炉的 It's an incredible sort of yeasty, smell.
霉菌基本上覆盖了整个盒子 The mould has just covered the entire box.
构成了一幅奇异的美景 That's actually quite beautiful in a bizarre way.
绒毛遍布各处,生机盎然 It's like just furry growths everywhere.
真令人惊异 这只是花了短短的一个星期 That's amazing! That's only a week.
在放大观看时,霉菌的奇丽更清晰动人 In close up, the unexpected beauty of mould is even clearer.
眼前这些网状细丝，就是在面包表面上的 These networks of filaments we see on the surface of our bread
它是霉菌的实体 are the fruiting body of the mould.
在细丝的末端是孢子团,里面长满了孢子个体 At the ends of the filaments are spore heads, each packed with individual spores,
等待着出发,去开拓新的领地 all waiting to be released to grow into new colonies.
在每立方米的空气内,平均有500个孢子 There are 500 spores in every cubic metre of air in the average home.
因此,你追我赶地争夺面包领地,恐为人后 So there's plenty of competition for the chance to attack our bread.
我为此请教了菌类专家帕特里克.克杰博士 I've asked Dr Patrick Hickey, our fungi expert to investigate
是哪一些霉菌会占据上风 which moulds have managed to gain control.
帕特里克,才一个星期,真菌就以不可想象的速度 Now, Patrick, it's only week one and we've got incredible fungal growth
在整个鸡上生长,而在面包上更为明显 all over the kitchen. Particularly on the bread.
对,面包是菌类最理想的食物 Well, the bread is a perfect food source for the fungi.
细菌孢子会在合适的时候,附着在面包表面 The spores probably landed on the bread when it was being prepared and
它们不断汲取养分,生长很快 they've grown quickly into the bread and they're taking up the nutrients.
我们看到的实际上是两种霉菌的共同作用 What we're actually seeing is two moulds meeting.
在画面背景处,可以见到暗淡的绿灰色霉菌 In the background, we've got a dark green-grey mould
那是青霉菌.在画面前,明亮而且带点状的 that's penicilium. These bright dots in the front
叫做曲霉菌 are the sporilating structures of aspergillus competing.
它们都在竞争着面包上的领地 So they're kind of trying to out compete each other for the bread,
以便赢得食物资源 for the food resource.
每个霉菌都在努力扩大领地,以领先竞争对手 Each mould is trying to seize territory by out-growing its competitors.
同时它们也会使用化学武器 But they are also using powerful chemical weapons to try to
去对抗其它霉菌或分解作用者,比如细菌 kill off other moulds and rival decomposers, like bacteria.
在这个青霉菌的例子中,它分泌的毒素 In the case of penicillium, the toxin it produces to win
让它赢得了战争,这个结果对我们人类非常有益 the battle for decay, has turned out to be highly beneficial to us.
我们叫它青霉素 (亦称盘尼西林,是一种人类常用的抗生素) We call it penicillin.
但不是所有的霉菌对人类都有益处 But not all moulds are good for us.
说实话,有时我会把面包上的霉菌削掉 Now, I have to admit, I sometimes cut the mould off bits of bread
照常烤来吃掉.这样做有没有害? and toast it. Is that really harmful?
你去掉的只是冰山一角 Well, what you're scraping off is really the tip of the iceberg.
真菌会往面包深处生长 The fungus grows deep into the bread
程度根据菌类的品种而各不相同 and it also depends on what kind of mould is growing into the bread.
你面对的是各种类型的霉菌 You have various different moulds,
有一些是无害的 some of which are harmless.Others like aspergillus produce deadly mycotoxins,
然而曲霉菌等细菌,会释放致命的毒枝菌素
它的毒性化学物质会危害肝脏 these are toxic chemicals, which can rot your liver,
从而导致癌症 they can give you cancer.
--那就是说,我不能那样做啦 So, what you're saying is, I shouldn't really do that.
--那样太危险了 最好是放入垃圾箱 --完全正确 It's dangerous.I should just throw it in the bin. Absolutely,
真菌很快会渗透到面包的内部 the fungus penetrates quite deep into the bread
削掉一点面包,根本无法完全清除毒素 you're not going to get rid of the toxins in the mould just by scraping it off.
大多数人不在第一时间处理生霉的面包 Most of us might prefer not to have to cope with mouldy bread in the first place.
霉菌和其它菌会损坏食物，危及人们的健康 Moulds and other types of fungi are things that ruin our food, and may cause us harm.
但菌类对地球上的生命很重要 But fungi are vital to life on this planet.
它们在地球上存在悠久 They're amongst the Earth's oldest life forms.
在陆地上，它们比植物至少早出现3亿年 On land, they pre-date plants by at least 300 million years.
几乎能战胜所有的生存挑战 And they rise to almost any challenge.
有一种真菌生长在这种蚂蚁的脑部位置 There is a fungus growing inside the brain of this ant.
它释放的化学物质可以控制蚂蚁的行为 It's producing chemicals that control the ant's behaviour,
强迫它去攀爬到植物的顶端 forcing it to climb to the top of a plant.
然后这种致命真菌会从蚂蚁的头部突起 Then the killer fungus bursts out of the ant's head,
以便开始散播自己的孢子 allowing its spores to spread.
菌类也有非常微小的种类存在 Fungi have found ways to work on a microscopic level too.
这个真菌正在埋伏着等待小蛔虫 This one is lying in wait for tiny roundworms.
机会来了就紧紧扼住猎物，使其窒息 At the right moment, it strangles them in a vice-like grip,
然后以饱餐其肉 then feeds on their flesh.
菌类腐烂有机物的能力无以伦比 But it's fungi's unrivalled ability to decay organic matter that
这点对人类才是最重要的 makes them so important to us.
没有菌类去腐烂物体的世界 A world where fungi couldn't decay things
将会是一个很不相同的世界 would be a very different place.
会是怎样的不同呢，就让我们追溯地球的历史 To see just how different, we have to go back in Earth's history.
回到有机物刚刚诞生的时期 To a period when a new form of organic matter emerged.
那时还没有发生菌类腐烂的活动 One that challenged fungi's powers of decay.
地球生物的发展充满未知数 The fate of life on Earth, hung in the balance.
时间倒转至3亿年前的石炭纪 Rewind 300 million years to the Carboniferous Period.
那时植物竞长，争夺阳光 A time when plants, struggling to compete for sunlight,
就演变为树木 had evolved into trees.
这种新的有机物就是木头 That new organic material was wood.
它让植物得以支撑，长得更高 It gave plants the strength to grow taller.
但是在这个进化完成时，还没有出现菌类 But this evolutionary leap left fungi behind.
大自然无法分解木头 They weren't able to decompose wood.
微妙的腐烂机制就应运而生了 The delicate mechanism of decay had been upset.
如果没有腐烂，树木生长、死亡，然后累积在倒下的地方 Without decay the trees grew, died and lay where they fell.
对于地球的环境有着巨大影响 The effect on the planet's climate was spectacular.
琳妮.博迪教授对菌类的发展历史很熟悉 Professor Lynne Boddy is an expert in the history of fungi.
树木吸收空气中的二氧化碳 Trees absorb carbon dioxide from the air.
并从土壤里汲取养分 They absorb nutrients from the soil.
然后碳就被树木吸收 And then the carbon is locked up within the trees,
所以在树木死亡倒下的时候，碳还是在里面 so when they fall and die, the carbon is still locked up inside them.
--所以这就是树木不能腐烂的基本原因？ --完全正确 So huge changes simply because trees can't decay? Absolutely.
由于没有菌类帮助木头腐朽,随着时光流转 With fungi unable to break down wood, over time,
越来越多的碳从空气中转移到树木里 more and more carbon was removed from the air and locked up in dead trees.
地球的大气环境开始发生变化 The Earth's atmosphere began to change.
氧气从20%增加到30% Oxygen levels shot up from 20% to 30%,
原因就是二氧化碳减少了 as carbon dioxide levels dropped.
这就使昆虫的生长获得巨大的机遇 This allowed insects to grow to gigantic proportions.
蜘蛛硕大得象人类的头颅 Spiders were as wide as a human head.
蜻蜓比现在的样子巨大十倍 Dragonflies were ten times larger than they are today.
如果环境一直象这样停滞，地球上的生命会非常的不同 If the atmosphere had stayed like this, life on our planet would have looked very different.
菌类的麻烦在于树木里的木质素分子 The stumbling block for fungi was a molecule in trees called lignin.
是它使树木得以坚韧的 It's what makes wood tough.
用了长达5000万年时间的演变,菌类才战胜了它 It took 50 million years for fungi to evolve a way to overcome it.
接下来,琳妮带我们参观了现代的菌类 And Lynne is able to show me the modern descendents
属于那些解决了树木腐烂的菌类的派生物 of the fungi that solved the problem.
如果抬起原木，我们会观察得更清楚 If you pick up that log we could have a better look.
不，下面这根.是那边的那一根 No, the one underneath. That one, there.
捡到手里来，就觉得一点儿也不重 The first thing I see about it, it's not heavy at all.
--它象羽毛一样轻 --它是没什么重量 It's light as a feather. It hardly weighs anything.
看,它已经腐烂了,颜色发白 Yes, it's been rotted and you can see that it's really white.
为什么颜色会发白呢? Why is it white?
菌类破坏了木头里的木质素,让它变白了 It's white because the fungi have broken down the lignin in the wood.
--以前是棕褐色的 --对,以前颜色是棕褐色的 Which was brown. Yes.Which was brown colour.
菌类对木头的影响显而易见 It's pretty easy to see what effect the fungi have had on the wood,
我们能亲眼目睹这些菌类吗? but can we actually see the fungi themselves?
我们不能看得到它们如何腐烂木头 We can't actually see them rotting the wood,
这不是肉眼能够看见的 因为它们太细微了 not with our naked eye because they're microscopic.
为了演示菌类的活动,琳妮把样本在泥土中培养 To show me the fungi in action, Lynne has grown this sample in soil.
我们手头的是一小块山毛榉木头 What we've got here is a little bit of beech wood
已经有些真菌在其中生长了,如果你把木头 that's got the fungus growing in it, and then you put the wood
放在泥土表面,真菌就会向木头外生长 on top of this soil, and the fungus has grown out of the wood,
它会寻找其它的木头,作为食物来源 looking for other pieces of wood that they can colonise and get food from.
真菌伸出的网状细丝,称为菌丝 The fungus sends out a network of tiny threads called hyphae.
它们聚集在一起,所以我们才能用肉眼观察到 They've aggregated together so we can actually see them with the naked eye.
--它们四处伸展着去找木头作为食物吗? --正是这样 And they're heading off to find other bits to eat? That's actually right.
菌丝把强力的酶释放到木头里 The hyphae release powerful enzymes into the wood.
它们能够把木质素转变为养分 They are able to break down the lignin into nutrients
以便真菌主体能够吸收 the fungi can then absorb.
这就从木头里释放了碳,让碳回到了空气中 This releases carbon from the wood, back into the air.
正是酶的演变,让真菌重新平衡了地球环境 It was the evolution of these enzymes that allowed fungi to rebalance the Earth's atmosphere.
如果没有发展到今天的真菌,腐烂就会停止 If those fungi weren't here today then decay would come to a grinding
我们会处在类似于石碳纪的 halt and we would be in a similar position to what we were
远古环境 in the Carboniferous period.
由于自身的进化,能够从死亡的树木中释放碳 By evolving the ability to unlock the carbon in dead wood,
真菌拯救了世界 fungi saved the world.
所有生物间一直保持着这个微妙的平衡 We still rely on this delicate balance between all living things,
腐烂就是其中的纽带 and the agents that can decompose them.
在"生命真相实验室"里,又过了8天 At the After Life house another eight days have gone by.
自从上次观察后,现在又有一些特别的收获 Just after my last visit we captured something extraordinary.
放在花园的新老鼠 The new rat that I left out in the garden
它已经被埋藏甲虫弄到泥土中 正如我估计的那样 has been buried by the sexton beetles, as I hoped it would be.
尽管体形悬殊,两个甲虫只用了不到12小时 Despite their size, it took the two of them less than 12 hours
就把整个尸体藏好,以避开竞争对手 to get the whole carcass underground, and away from rival decomposers.
雌虫会把产蛋在老鼠尸体里 The female will lay her eggs in the rat
当她的后代破壳而出,就不愁食物了 so her young will have food to eat when they hatch.
大约一个月后,我们将会把老鼠挖出 In about a month's time, we'll dig up the rat
看看甲虫幼虫干了一些什么事 and see what the beetle larvae have done.
在房子的其它地方 Elsewhere in the box,
细菌和霉菌还一直在肉类上鏖(áo)战 bacteria and mould are still battling it out on the meat.
在被密封包装的汉堡包里,细菌正在努力作业 The bacteria inside this sealed pack of burgers are hard at work,
释放的气体使薄膜明显膨胀起来 producing this build up of gas.
我可不想闻它的味道了 I'm not looking forward to smelling that.
暴露在空气中的肉类,比如这些香肠 Where meat was left exposed to the air, like these sausages,
霉菌已经落户其中 mould has been able to move in,
显然细菌已经征服了这个地方 suggesting that the bacteria have been overwhelmed.
而就在我们的试验过了两周的时候 But just over two weeks in to our project,
一支特别贪婪的分解大军开始大肆掠地攻城 and an army of even more voracious decomposers is taking control.
蝇蛆数量迅速增长 The maggot population has exploded.
在猪只上随处可见到它们 Our pig is literally seething with them.
蛆虫是腐烂作用的主力军 Maggots are some of decay's most effective operators.
问题是,会是多长的时间 The question is, how long will it take them
让它们可以一直在里面大快朵颐? to munch their way through the contents of our house?
我还没有进入房子,就看到有些蛆虫跑出来了 I haven't even got into the box and already I can see escaping maggots.
看来,即使我们尽量小心 So, even though we try really carefully to keep
让它们都呆在里面,但还会有想溜走的 all the insects on the inside, some have escaped.
它们能够从很小的空隙中挤过去 They can squeeze through the tiniest gap
摄影机会展现一个极度疯狂的场景 The time-lapse cameras have shown a real fever pitch,
尤其是在鸡和鱼那里 especially on the fish and the chicken.
鱼虽然还在,但是里面已经被吃空 I just want to show you the fish though. It's completely eaten out.
如果我拿起...大家注意观察鱼的里面 If I just... look at that, look at the inside of that.
唔. Pwahh.
一团在不停涌动的蛆虫 It's just a writhing mass of maggots
散发出难以忍受的氨水气味 and the smell of ammonia is overpowering.
它们什么都吃 They've eaten everything.
残骸只剩下外面的干皮和里面的骨头 All that remains is the dry skin on the outside and the bones.
这是地球上最有效的循环利用 These are the most efficient recyclers on the planet.
它们真是令人惊异的昆虫 I think they are just amazing insects.
从我释放了100只苍蝇起,已经15天了 It's 15 days since I released about 100 blow flies into the box.
交配后不久,雌蝇就找地方产卵 As soon as they mate, female flies look for a place to lay eggs.
一次多达300个 Up to 300 at a time.
在腐烂分解的最早阶段，所产生的气味 The gases given off in the very early stages of decomposition,
迅速地吸引苍蝇找到死肉和死鱼 will have attracted them to the dead meat and fish.
而这些正是蛆虫最理想的食物 They're the ideal food source for the maggots,
当肉类暴露24小时后,就会成为蝇蛆之地 when they start to emerge, around 24 hours later.
现在它们孵出来了,只做一件事情 Now they've hatched, these maggots have only one aim.
就是大吃特吃,不会停歇 To eat. Non-stop.
这里放置了一个热成像摄影机 Now, I've got the thermal image camera here
这是相当不错的东西 and this is actually quite a useful item.
它能显示有机物散发的温度情况 It can show heat that's produced by organisms.
在苍蝇幼虫共同进食时,会引起温度的升高 The fly larvae, when they feed en masse, do generate quite a bit of heat.
现在我将它对着鸡腿 Now, I'm just shining it on the chicken drumsticks,
比较冰冷,温度一点也不高 which are cold, they're not hot at all.
鸡肉看来温度都不高 The chicken's not very hot. But wooo! Look at that!
可是,喔!看看这里
汉堡包变得象路灯一样发亮 The burgers are glowing like a beacon.
这意味着有很多的苍蝇幼虫在那里 Now, that means that there are lots of fly larvae in there
它们产生许多的热量,可以帮助它们更快地生长 and they are generating masses of heat, which actually makes them grow faster.
慢速摄影机展现了蛆虫在包装内的进食活动 Our time lapse camera shows how maggots feed as a pack,
它们共享的不仅有热量,还有消化酶 so they can share not just heat, but digestive enzymes as well.
它们周密地协调行动 They carefully coordinate their movements.
当一个汉堡包上的肉吃完了,蝇蛆们一起移动 As the meat in one burger runs out, the maggots move together,
犹如一体,冲向另一个汉堡包里的新食物 almost as a single unit, over to the fresh supplies of the second burger.
蛆虫有一个非常适宜的构造 Maggots are a perfectly adapted mechanism for
从而能够消化死肉,化蛹为蝇 turning dead meat into flies.
在头部末端,可以见到有奇妙的挂钩 At the head end, you've got these amazing hooks,
那是一对尖锐的弧形挂钩 which are basically a pair of sharp, curved hooks
蛆虫就是用它撕下食物的 with which the maggot rasps its way through food.
如果朝下看,会发现它没有脚 As you move further down, you see it doesn't have legs.
它的头、胸和腹连在一起,不是泾渭分明 There isn't any obvious head, thorax and abdomen.
浑身长着突起的箍状物 It has got these bands of raised bumps,
它们象螺丝钉一样钻进食物 they're like spikes for a grub.
身上突起的箍状物 They're bands of raised welts,
能够帮助它在食物中移动 which help the maggot move through its food so it's essentially
蛆虫是软体的 in a pile of slop.
这让它能在食物中作起伏动作 These welts enable it to undulate through the food.
否则,它将难以移动 Otherwise, it's very hard to move.
在另一头,注意它的末端 At the other end, let's go down to the back end.
让我们移动到末端观察
这个部位是蛆虫的呼吸孔 These structures here are the breathing holes of the fly.
负责空气的排浊纳新 These are the spiracles through which it gets its air.
总共是一对在身体的后部,显得很大 They're on the rear end. It has a pair of them, quite big.
因此,它想把头伸进湿漉漉的食物中进食 So it's able to insert its head into wet food and still feed
只要保持身体后部还在空气中，就可以做到 while its rear end is in the air.
这些结构组合在一起,就形成了完美的进食系统 All in all, it is just about the perfect eating machine.
至此,我们清楚了蛆虫的案例 To me, maggots are the clearest example we've seen
知道了腐烂的基本原理 so far of the fundamental principle behind decay.
它让死亡动物的营养物得以重复利用 Recycling the nutrients from dead animals,
转移到了新的生命 and turning it into new life.
当然,大多数人从表面上见到的是 But, of course, for many of us they represent everything
腐烂现象的恶心 that's disgusting about decay.
我很好奇人们强烈厌恶的是哪些方面 I'm intrigued as to what these strong feelings of revulsion are,
所以设计了一个小测试 so I've devised a little test.
我要把一张5镑钞票放入一个塑料袋中 I'm going to put a £5 note inside a plastic bag
然后藏在桶里面 and I'm going to hide it inside a tub,
还要放进去...很多的蛆虫 inside which I'm going to put...loads of maggots.
测试非常简单,我已经准备得差不多了 We're going to end up with a pretty simple test,
只有几样东西 which is essentially this,
一个装了很多的活生生蛆虫的桶,还有一张5英镑的钞票 a large box full of writhing maggots and a ￡5 note.
我猜十个人里面,只有一个 Now, I reckon only one person in ten will be able to
能够克服对蛆虫根深蒂固的厌恶 overcome their deep seated revulsion for maggots
敢于把手放进去找到5英镑 and put their hand in to retrieve the fiver.
好的,开始啦 Well, we'll find out.
谁愿意把手伸进装有蛆虫的桶,找到5英镑钞票? Who would like to put their hand in a bucket of maggots for a fiver?
呵,你愿意,是吗? Oh, you would, would you?
这让我想起了家里的垃圾箱 (笑声) It looks like my bin at home. (THEY LAUGH)
--我做不了! --有五英镑喔 I can't do it! Five pound note.
不，我做不到 No, I can't do it.
蛆虫，哇！（不自然的笑声） Maggots. Ew! (SHE LAUGHS NERVOUSLY)
噢，它们在手指间的涌动让人有点毛骨悚然 Oh. It's a little gross, they're writhing on my fingers.
噢，不！哎哟，不，不 Oh, no! Oh! Oh! No, no.
--不，我做不了 --五英镑钞票喔 No, I can't do it. Five pound note.
(尖叫声) (SHE SCREAMS)
--差不多接近了 --我拿到了!哈! You're nearly there. I've got it!Ah!
只差一点...成功了 You nearly got it. Yes!
(掌声) (THEY APPLAUD)
这种反感的情绪已经存在几千年了 This feeling of disgust is an emotion that evolved over thousands of years.
不只是蛆虫,凡是和腐烂沾边的都同样让人厌恶 It's not just maggots. All signs of decay revolt us.
这是很有效的反应机制，促使人们 It's a great mechanism for stopping us
不要食用可能导致染病的食物 from eating food that might make us sick.
但人们也因为厌恶,很少去观察腐烂 But it's also why we so rarely look at decay,
对它总是敬而远之 we're hardwired to be repulsed by it.
在接下来的几周内,我希望"生命真相实验室"能够 In the next few weeks, I hope our After Life house will start
揭露这个恶心的过程为什么很重要 to show why this disgusting process is so important.
为什么分解对生命必不可少 Why decomposition is vital to life.
为了能够很好地说明,我们在房子的一角进行试验 And there's one part of our box where we're attempting to demonstrate that,
方案非常独特 in a unique way.
实验从死去的芥末植株开始 These dead mustard plants are the starting point of an experiment
我们将会跟踪到新生命如何脱胎于旧生命 that will help me trace how new life emerges from old.
我用芥末植株制成的液体肥料 I've made liquid compost from the mustard
去浇灌这些植苗 and fed it to these seedlings.
我们计划跟踪氨成分,它来自死亡的芥末的叶子 We plan to track individual nitrogen atoms from the dead mustard leaves,
看看它们是否被新植物再次利用 to see if they are re-used in the new plants.
从来没有人通过这种方式,来观察生物圈的循环 No-one has ever followed the cycle of life in this way before.
在两个星期后我们会回来,希望老天保佑 In a couple of weeks time we can come back and, with any luck,
我们能够观察到由死亡到腐烂,然后新生的转折点 we'll be able to track this vital part of the cycle from death and decay to new life.
现在是第23天 It's the 23rd day in the After Life house.
腐烂的第一波已经过去了 The first waves of decay have now passed.
霉菌已经把蔬菜和小水果给消灭 Vegetables and soft fruit have been consumed by mould.
在一些地方已经不存在它们的食物了 In some places there's not much left for them to feed on.
这就需要新的食物供应 They'll need to find new supplies.
长有坚实外壳的,比如这些橙子 Anything with a hard skin, like this orange,
显然依旧不受影响 remains apparently unaffected.
蛆虫由先前的繁盛,变得越来越衰败 Maggot activity too has begun to die down,
在装汉堡包的盒子里，只剩下一些肉浆 leaving behind a sort of meat slurry in our burger packet,
为数不多的后生的咀虫,才得以苟残延喘 where a few late developers eke out a meal from the remains.
大部分的蛆虫开始了化蛹 Most of the maggots have started to pupate,
即将步入成年的阶段 the next stage before they turn into adults.
此后我们将会看到苍蝇数量的爆长 So we should soon see an explosion in our fly numbers.
鸡的身体发生了奇特的变形 And our chicken has gone through an alarming metamorphosis.
细菌继续进行腐烂,一边进食一边释放气体 Bacteria continue to rot away at it, releasing gases as they feed.
在这个星期里,动物尸体在奇形怪状地快速肿胀 This week the carcass bloated to even more grotesque proportions
直到漏气,它们才会瘪下来 before deflating as the gases escaped.
进行了一个月实验的房子 One month into the project and our house
不会有谁愿意逗留 really isn't somewhere you'd want to visit,
除非你是没有办法 unless you had to.
每次进入房子,有一件事情总让我困苦不堪 Every time I go into the box there's one thing that hits me.
那就是,房子里充斥着可怕的腐烂恶臭 That is, the all-pervading, hideous stink of decay.
如果你把鼻子凑近垃圾箱的里面 Imagine sticking your nose deep into a rubbish bin.
就能体会到我说话的意思了 That's the smell I'm talking about.
但是如果能够强忍反感 But if you can get beyond your revulsion,
腐烂气味会提供确切的线索,从而去找到基本原理 the smell of decay gives real clues to its underlying mechanisms.
腐烂分解的方式,对动物和植物是不相同的 And the different ways plants and animals are broken down.
我将把这些气味展示给观众 I want to share some of these smells with our audience.
我的手里是两个小桶 I've got two tubs.
分别装着蔬菜和肉类,它们都是腐烂透了的 One's got far gone vegetables and this one meat that's far gone.
我想知道观众觉得哪个更难闻 I want to find out which our visitors find most disgusting.
这是正在腐烂的蔬菜.请闻一闻后说说想法 This is decaying vegetables. Have a smell of that. See what you think.
--闻起来还是有蔬菜气味 --好闻吗? It smells like vegetables, still. Have a good sniff.
(笑声)不算是受不了,是吧? (THEY LAUGH) It's not that bad, is it?
不算很糟糕 That's not terrible.
你要先有心理准备,这个桶里的气味不太好 I think it's only fair to warn you, this is not nice.
请闻一下 Have a smell of that.
闻起来象是猪圈的气味 That smells like a pig barn!
(笑声) (THEY LAUGH)
正如所料,每次对肉类的反响都是一样的 As expected, the meat gets the same response every time.
非常糟糕,是吧? That's pretty grim, isn't it?
他的眼睛流泪了 His eyes are watering!
腐烂的肉类对人们的危害远比蔬菜大得多 Rotting meat is far more dangerous to us than rotting vegetables.
所以人们本能地更为讨厌它 So we're programmed to find it more offensive.
但是实质上,我们闻到的是什么呢? But what are we actually smelling?
植物细胞主要由淀粉和糖构成 Plant cells are largely made up of starches and sugars.
因此在水果蔬菜腐烂时,它们会发酵 So when fruit and veg decay, they ferment,
糖分就转化为糖醇并释放出去 turning the sugars into alcohol, and releasing
使得挥发物带有一点甜味 volatile compounds which have a sweet odour.
但是鱼和肉却产生很难闻的气体 But fish and meat are going to produce really smelly gases
比如硫化氢、二氧化硫和氨 like hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide and ammonia
我准备用管子 so I'm just going to extract
从腐烂的鸡只内部里，引出一些气体 some of the gases from the inside of this decaying chicken,
将它贮存在注射筒内 suck it up into this syringe
然后用气体分析器，看看究竟发生了什么事情 and blow it over a gas analyser and look what happens.
（哔哔声） LOUD BEEPING
看哪！硫化氢读数一下就窜到10% Look at that! The hydrogen sulphide shot up to 10%.
怪不得真难闻 That really is smelly.
噢，天哪 Oh, God.
（咳嗽声） （HE COUGHS）
与植物细胞不同，动物细胞主要是由蛋白质构成 Unlike plant cells, animal cells are made up largely of proteins.
难闻的气味 The foul smelling gases are produced
就是源于蛋白质被破坏,分解为氨基酸类的时候 when these proteins are broken down into amino acids.
为了更多地了解这个过程 To understand more about that process,
而弄清楚为什么会产生气味,是认识腐烂的很重要的一环 and why the smell it generates is such an important part of decay,
我将去体验大场面的肉类腐烂 I am going to experience rotting flesh on a scale
这是实验房子所不具备的 that even the box can't provide.
在英国西北部某个地方 At a secret location in north-west England
那里正在开展一个奇特,但是很重要的试验 a grotesque but important experiment is taking place.
65具死猪放在露天腐烂 65 pig carcasses are being left to rot.
这个实验的主要是 They're part of an investigation into exactly
研究肉类在不同条件下,是怎样腐烂分解的 how flesh decomposes, under different conditions.
尸体的气味四处飘散 And the smell of death is everywhere.
我刚到这里,就闻到了死亡动物的异味 Well, I haven't been here very long and there's a real whiff of dead animal.
当风吹过，恶臭扑鼻而来 Sometimes the wind changes direction and it catches your nose.
与恶臭和排泄物打交道，我已经习惯了 I'm used to dealing with smells and excrement and stuff
但来到这个有大量死动物地方，我不知还能不能撑得住 but I'm wondering if I'm up to this. There's a lot of dead animals around here.
这些猪是用来替代人类尸体的 The pigs are stand-ins for human remains.
试验的目的是为了帮助法医 The aim of the experiment is to help police forensic teams
通过腐烂的程度去确认死亡的精确时间 establish an accurate time of death, based on the state of decomposition.
泰拉.西蒙斯博士是这个实验的研究主管 Dr Tal Simmons is the research director for the project.
她将帮助我去进行了解 And she's going to help me understand
不同的气味是怎样说明了腐烂的不同阶段 how the different stages of decay account for what we smell.
--早上好，泰拉 --早上好,乔治 Good morning, Tal. Good morning, George.
--我不想握手 --随便吧 I won't shake hands. Possibly not.
怎么了? What's happening here?
我们移开笼子,就会看得更真切 Let's move the cage and we'll be able to see a bit better.
在四天前,我们把这头猪放在这里了 Well, we've got a pig.we put out four days ago.
它能让我们观察到腐烂的最早期阶段的情况 He's just begun to really show some of the early stages of decomposition.
最吸引我的注意的是,它变得肿胀起来了 The first thing that's obvious to me, it's swollen up there.
是的,它正在肿胀起来 Yes!He's beginning to bloat
在两天后还会肿得更厉害 and he'll bloat more in the next couple of days
这是由于体内的细胞结构被破坏而导致的 and that's due to the cellular breakdown, inside the body.
所有的细胞开始崩溃,细胞膜消失 All those cells are starting to collapse, the cell membrane is going.
细胞里的液体全部流淌出来 It's exuding all the fluids inside the cell.
包括有大量的消化酶 A lot of those contain digestive enzymes.
这就会吞噬猪的自身 He's starting to eat himself from the inside.
血液在动物体内停止流动的同时 The moment blood stops flowing in an animal,
细胞开始死亡 this process of cell death begins.
当一个细胞膜发生破裂,里面的酶类就会跑出来 As each cell membrane splits, enzymes inside are released
进而导致其它的细胞膜破裂 and begin to break down other cells.
细菌就开始肆意享用这些蛋白质的大餐 Bacteria then start to feed on these protein rich contents,
同时释放气体,就使猪肿胀起来了 releasing the gases that are bloating the pig.
产生的气体汇聚到消化道 All of these gases produced inside are coming up the digestive tract.
所以气味散发出来了.就是这些气味吸引苍蝇的吧? So that smell is actually coming out. and that's what attracts the flies?
对!我们闻不到它,但苍蝇可以 Exactly! We can't smell it but flies can.
--气味一点也不明显 --是的 It's not obvious at all.No.
但是,正如我们实验的腐肉和烂鱼 But, as I know from the rotting meat and fish in the box,
不用多长时间,也会能够闻得到了 it doesn't take long for the smell to become something we can detect.
(咳嗽声) (HE COUGHS)
噢,这更糟糕 Oh, that's a lot worse.
--让我们掀开笼子 --啊,天哪 Let's pull this off.Oh, dear!
一眼就能看出腐烂得厉害 He's much more advanced, as you can see.
(咳嗽声) (HE COUGHS)
我们现在闻到的味道，是挥发气体和液体的混合 We're now smelling a cocktail of highly volatile gases and liquids produced,
不只是源于动物蛋白质的分解 not just by the break down of the animal proteins,
还同时源自分解蛋白质的作用者本身 but by the agents of decay themselves.
身体的主要部分是水,所以当细胞崩溃的时候 The body is largely composed of water, so as the cells break down
细胞的屏障作用没有了,液体就会四处横流 and the cell walls go, you get the liquid coming from that,
既有从动物内脏器官出来的液体 you get the liquid that was part of the organs,
也有在咀虫消化过程中，排泄出来的液体 and you get the liquid that the maggots are excreting as part of their digestive process too.
这么靠近地观察,你是否会觉得很有意思 If you look at it really closely, it's actually rather interesting.
--整个过程很奇妙 --我不觉得有什么吸引力 It's a fascinating process. I wouldn't say it's attractive.
我不会放弃的 I wouldn't go that far either!
在腐烂产生的混合液体中,有许多这样的分子 Many of the molecules in this cocktail of decomposition fluids
它们具有一种特殊性能,就是带着大量的电荷 have a particular property, they are highly electrically charged.
有点类似当你在羊毛衫上进行摩擦气球 It's a bit like when you rub a balloon on a woollen jumper.
就会产生静电.就是这种方式能让它们保持联络 The molecules of the balloon pick up a charge, which means they stick to
达到彼此沟通的目的 other materials they come into contact with.
这正是为什么腐烂气味会沾到我们衣服上的原因 Which is why the smell of decay can literally stick to our clothes.
也正是这个原因,使腐烂气息残留良久 And it also explains why decay can leave a trace
消失的时间远比你能想象的还要漫长 that lingers far longer than you might think.
拔掉盖子 Top off.
泰拉的同事彼得.克劳思正在进行检测 Tal's colleague Peter Cross is measuring what effect
看看腐烂的猪对周围土壤有什么样的影响 the decomposing pigs are having on the surrounding earth.
汲取了一些水上来 可以看到水发泡得厉害 Just draw the water up. It's even frothing.
--有很多的泡沫 --对 It's foaming. Yeah.
很显然这不新鲜 Well, it's clearly not fresh.
啊…受不了 Argh!
相当不好受 That's pretty bad!
这些水是在掩埋死猪的地方,从土壤中汲取的 This is soil water taken from the site of a buried pig carcass.
我们用设备对取自土壤的水进行通电 This machine is passing an electrical current through the soil water
测量通过的电流数值 and then measuring how well that soil water conducts electricity.
被污染的水的传导是30倍于 The contaminated water is 30 times more conductive than
取自十米外的参照样本 soil water taken from ten metres away.
这反映了腐烂的持续影响 This is the trace that decay leaves behind.
我们认为这些电解质 We think that because of all the electrolytes
从死猪转移到了土壤的水中 that are leaching into the soil water from the decomposing pig,
从而改变了土壤中水的电流传导性能 that they are changing the electrical properties of the soil water.
这样的影响会持续多长的时间? How long will that remain?
我估计导电率会在两年时间达到最高值 I'd expect conductivity to continue increasing for up to two years.
--这算是一种尸体的鉴别手段吧,是吗? --的确如此 So that really is a fingerprint of death, isn't it? Absolutely, yes
这种鉴别手段可以帮助科学家 And it's a fingerprint that allows scientists to detect
不只是研究近期数年内的事,还可以是几个世纪前的 signs of decay, not just over years, but over centuries.
克里斯,有没有找到微量探测器? OK, Chris, do you want to grab the remote probes?
杰米.普林格博士从事的是法医方面的地理研究 Dr Jamie Pringle is a forensic geophysicist.
今天他将利用腐液的传导特性 Today he's using the conductive qualities of decomposition fluids
去识别墓地里被湮没了的墓穴 to identify unmarked graves in this churchyard.
有些墓穴估计有200年历史了 Some are estimated to be 200-years-old.
杰米的设备输送电流到土壤里,然后测量传导率 Jamie's kit sends an electrical current into the ground to measure conductivity.
它能够检测到带电微粒 It can detect electrically charged molecules
也就是几个世纪前埋下的尸体所残留下来的微粒 left behind by the bodies buried centuries ago.
(哔哔声) (BEEPING)
噢,太棒了,伙计们. 这里估计是有情况 Oh, that's interesting, lads. Looks like it's going down there.
我从设备下载了数据 I've just downloaded the data from the machine
结果显示1、2、3、4、5个区域 and the results show there's one, two, three, four, five areas
变成蓝色了，这意味着具有高导电率 of blue, which means it's high conductivity results,
从而向我们指示了具体位置 which suggests to me that's where the graves are going to be located
保留有腐液的泥土的区域，就是墓穴的位置 and where the decompositional fluids have been retained in the soil.
这种技术开拓了法医学科的新可能 This technology opens up new possibilities in forensic science.
不仅仅是应用在识别湮没的墓穴方面 Not only can it be used for unmarked graves, it can be used for
它还可以作其它用途，比如寻找被埋的受害人尸体 other things as well, such as looking for buried murder victims.
对犯罪斗士们来说，腐烂的长期留存效应 For crime fighters, the powerful lingering effect of decay,
在他们眼中，成为了最有用处的特点 turns out to be one of its most useful qualities.
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房子的试验已经过了大半的进程 We're more than halfway through our investigation of what happens
在这个独特的房子里面，腐烂在按部就班地进行 when decay is allowed to run its course in a typical home.
让我们继续观察腐烂迅速到了何种地步 We set out to see how quickly its contents would be broken down
同时关注物质转移到新生命的情况 and transformed into new life.
在一个月的时间里，试验成果蜚然 One month in, we have our most striking result yet.
我们的线索是不断快速增加的苍蝇数量 The clue is in our rapidly increasing fly numbers.
这些苍蝇是在房子里，出生并成长起来的第一代 These flies are the first generation to be born and bred in the box.
两周前它们还是在肉类里涌动的蛆虫 Two weeks ago, they were the maggots that were so active in all the meat.
蛆虫一旦储存足够能量，就会化蛹 Once a maggot has fed enough, it pupates.
然后不到7天，它就会长大为成熟的苍蝇 Within about seven days, the adult blow fly emerges.
一个位于头顶的柔软有弹性的包膨胀起来,帮助自身移动出来 It inflates a soft spongy sack on the top of its head to help push itself out.
然后血液被泵进翅膀,让翅膀张开 Then blood pumps into the wings, spreading them out
就可以飞起来了 ready for take off.
没有什么比观察苍蝇，能够更好地去阐明 There isn't anything better than flies to illustrate
腐烂中的物质能量转化了 the transformative power of decay.
苍蝇幼虫以猪只为食物.我向大家展示一下 The fly larvae have eaten this pig. I want to show you
让大家知道,能留下的是怎么样的少得可怜 just how little is left behind.
不用刀就不行,它太坚韧了 If I get this torn back without cutting my finger, it's quite tough.
外表的皮非常干硬.请看这里 The outer surface of the skin is now quite dry. Look at that.
噢!氨水的气味让人非常难受 Oh! The smell of ammonia is quite overpowering.
我把它反转过来... If I peel it back...
我们看到的基本上只是一张干皮 What we've got here is basically dried skin
还有一点点很少的脂肪.所有的肉都没有了 and a few bits of fat. All the meat has gone.
苍蝇幼虫完全把整头猪吃掉了 The fly larvae have eaten this pig out completely
只剩下一些骨架和脂肪 All that's left are some ribs and fat.
猪身上的肉现在房子里飞舞 All that meat that was once pig is now flying around this room.
谁说猪不能飞呢? Who says pigs can't fly?
又过了7天,苍蝇数量成了房子里的大问题 Seven days later and the number of blow flies is becoming a problem inside the house.
从上次到现在,刚好一个星期了 Well, it's a week since I was here before
不出所料,苍蝇数量急速直线上升 and, as I predicted, the numbers of flies have absolutely sky rocketed,
使得这里"蝇"声鼎沸 they've gone through the roof.
在这个星期里,我要穿上一体装来防护自己 I'm going to wear an all-in-one suit for a bit of protection this week.
我估计有一万个苍蝇在房子里面 I reckon there could be as many as 10,000 flies inside.
因为房子是密封的,它们逃不了 Because our box is sealed, they can't escape to find
不能出去寻找新的资源,以便进食和产卵 new sources of food and places to lay their eggs.
我担心它们的数量达到极限，以至影响房子里的其它腐烂过程 I'm worried that their sheer numbers may disrupt the natural course of decay elsewhere in the box.
显然苍蝇太多了，更让人讨厌这里 There are now simply too many flies here, it's becoming quite unpleasant.
苍蝇的排泄物导致了一个问题 It's causing a problem because of the fly speck, that's the excrement,
它们随处排泄，弄得在房子里到处都是斑点 which they leave on the surfaces, inside the glass.
现在，是设法减少一点苍蝇数量的时候了 So, it's time I tried to reduce them a bit...
用手 manually.
太困难了，它们飞得太低或是停在物品上面 The trouble is, they're flying quite low and sitting on surfaces.
很难捉到它们 It's hard to get them.
有一半的苍蝇是醉醺醺的 Half the flies are drunk
水果盘的水果发酵出酒精 because the fruit bowl has become alcoholic
苍蝇飞过的时候就受到影响了 and the flies are flying under the influence at the moment.
导致很多苍蝇掉到了地面上 It's probably why there are so many on the floor.
你可以听得见它们 You can hear them.
嗡嗡作响 A constant buzz.
非常让人不舒服 This is pretty unpleasant.
噢！请看这里 Oh! Look at this!
怪不得苍蝇这么难以捕捉 It's no wonder that flies are so hard to capture.
它们的复眼能够360度观察 Their compound eyes give them 360 degree vision.
因此它们能在30毫秒内作出反应 So they can respond to movement in less than 30 milliseconds.
我的网基本上只能是徒劳无功 Me and my net can only do so much.
在接下来的数周内，饥饿会一个接一个地消灭这些苍蝇 It will be hunger that kills off these flies in the remaining weeks,
因为房子里的食物就要消耗殆尽了 as food supplies in the box run out.
它们在实验中的作用正在走向结束 Their role in our project is coming to an end.
我们将会观察到其它的昆虫参与进来 We should start to see other insects moving in to carry on
继续这个由肉类开始的腐烂过程的运作 the process of breaking down what's left of the meat.
而在这期间，苍蝇对食物的需求影响着另一腐烂作用者 In the meantime, the flies need for food is affecting one of our other agents of decay.
在六个星期的时候，霉菌还一直在与三明治盒子抗争 Six weeks in, mould is still ravaging the sandwich box.
甚至从盖子的间隙长到外面了 It's even grown out from under the lid.
这就吸引了饥饿的苍蝇 And it's attracted the attention of our starving flies.
对我来说，眼前的景象是我见到的最惊异的事情 Now, this to me, is one of the most amazing things I've ever seen.
帕特里克.克杰也一起来调查霉菌的情况 Patrick Hickey has returned to investigate what's been happening to the moulds in our house.
这里有多少种真菌？ How many actual species of fungus are here?
至少20到30种，或者更多也不一定 At least 20 or 30, maybe more.
20到30种真菌！我真的急着要去观察其中一种... 20 or 30 species of fungus! I can't wait to have a sort of...
这里是霉菌很理想的生存环境.有些是非常危险的 It's the perfect environment. Some of them are fairly dangerous.
这一种霉菌，叫黄曲霉菌，黄绿色的那种 One of the moulds here, aspergillus flavus, a greeny-yellow one,
它会释放致命毒素，所以你要小心一点 can produce a nasty toxin. So, you want to be careful.
看看这里，变成结实的片状了 Look at this, it's a solid mat.
三明治已经分成好几片 There are the layers of sandwich.
它已经完全变质了. It's completely through.
苍蝇应该没有来到这里 There aren't any flies, of course.
它被盒子密封了，所以苍蝇进不来 It was sealed in the box so the flies couldn't get in.
形成巨大反差的是，水果盘完全暴露着 Big contrast to the fruit bowl, which was left open.
两个星期前它还被厚厚的几层真菌覆盖着 A couple of weeks ago it was covered in thick layers of fungus and
苍蝇把真菌剥掉后,水果又裸露出来 the flies have stripped it bare.
它们吃掉真菌和孢子，相当于对构成菌类的物质回收利用 They've eaten the fungus and spores and recycled the fungi.
水果变霉菌，霉菌变苍蝇，苍蝇飞走了 Fruit has become mould. Mould has become flies. Flies fly off.
可是，如果是在外面的话，苍蝇也会被什么东西吃掉的 And, if they were outside, they'd be eaten by something.
在外侧的花园里 Outside in the garden,
有一些菌类依赖昆虫来帮助它们的工作 other forms of fungi rely on insects to help them do their job.
这是一种散发恶臭的真菌的子实体 This is the fruiting body of a stinkhorn fungus.
真菌的其余部分藏于地下 The rest of the fungus is below the soil,
以土壤里的木头和植物为食 feeding on wood and plant matter in the soil.
在真菌将要成熟的时候，菌茎就会伸出地面 These stalks emerge when the fungus is ready to fruit,
在24小时不到的时间里，长到15厘米高 growing up to 15cms in less than 24 hours.
当它从土层里冒出 When they break through the top layer of soil,
就会释放强烈而又让苍蝇无法抗拒的气味 they release an intense smell that flies find irresistible,
就象尸体和腐烂的肉类的味道 the smell of dead and decaying meat.
苍蝇剥掉蘑菇头上的软嫩果肉 The flies strip the jelly-like flesh from the mushroom,
从而帮助孢子扩散 and help spread its spores.
虽然我已经是摸索30年的生物学了 Even after 30 years of studying biology,
对这些简单生物之间的配合行为，我还感到震撼 I'm still amazed by the complex behaviour of these simple organisms.
花园里最奇怪的事情,不是臭角菌以木头作为食物 But stinkhorns aren't the strangest things feeding on the decaying wood in our garden.
木柴堆里发生的事情更加令人好奇 Hidden away in our woodpile is something even more intriguing.
这是粘菌 This is a slime mould.
这是地球上最大的单细胞有机物 It's the largest single-celled organism on Earth.
它可以生长到3平方米这么大 It can grow to more than three square metres.
科学家近来发现这些简单的生物 Scientists have recently discovered that these primitive life forms
却拥有一些相当厉害的能力 have some rather sophisticated talents.
在牛津大学，马克.弗里克博士参加了一个团队 At Oxford University, Dr Mark Fricker is one of a team of
团队由植物学家和计算机专家组成，正在研究一种粘菌 botanists and computer scientists studying a species of slime mould
学名叫多头绒泡菌 called Physarum Polycephalum.
科学家们沉迷于这种粘菌数年时间 For years slime moulds have fascinated scientists
研究它们解决简易迷宫的超常能力 with their remarkable ability to solve simple mazes.
在迷宫尽头放置食物 Put food at the end of a maze
粘菌会以最快的路线通过迷宫 and the slime mould will find the quickest route through.
科学家们开始琢磨了 But scientists started to wonder
它们是否还可以做更多的聪明行为? if the mould could do more than just perform clever tricks.
你可以安排许多小任务 You can set them lots of little tasks, and
让它们搜寻和建立通往食物之路 you can allow them to forage and connect up little
观察它们会构造什么样的网络系统 food sources to see what sort of network they would make. OK.
场地的形状,可以是正方形或其它复杂的几何图形 And a geometric shape, so a square or something more complicated,
整个实验过程很有趣.我们可以观察到 is interesting, but we wanted to see whether they would
它们是否能解决比较复杂一点的问题 be able to solve a slightly more complex problem.
马克正在布置实验 Mark is recreating an experiment
他和同事一起在东京大学工作 he worked on with colleagues at Tokyo University.
他滴了一团粘菌,然后在粘菌的周围 He takes a blob of slime mould and then surrounds it with
用碎麦片,粘菌最喜欢的食物组成一个图案 a pattern of oat flakes, an irresistible treat to slime mould.
用延时摄影机把发生的情况记录下来 What happens next is recorded by a time-lapse camera.
粘菌通过向四面八方生长，来寻找碎麦片的位置 The slime mould locates the oat flakes by growing out in all directions.
但不到几小时,粘菌就收缩回去 But within hours the slime mould shrinks back,
留下错综复杂的管道网络在连结着麦片 leaving an intricate web of tubes that connect the oat flakes.
这些管道负责为粘菌内部各处输送养分 It's these tubes that transfer nutrients around the slime mould.
单细胞能够做到这样,真是难以置信 Incredibly, everything you can see is part of one single cell.
这需要构建一个高效率的网状系统,去输送所有的资源 It needs to build a network that is quite efficient, to transport all those resources.
当然，这个网状系统的构建成本不能太高 At the same time, that network mustn't cost too much.
不能占用过多的自身资源 It mustn't take up too many of its own resources.
还有一个问题要考虑,那就是它可能会受到损害 And then the other problem it has is, it's going to be subject to damage.
如果只有一条连接的通道 If there was only ever one connection,
万一受到损坏 there's a risk it would break.
粘菌就只能坐以待毙了 The slime mould takes no chances.
所以它生长了备用的通道,确保食物供应不会被切断 It grows back-up routes to make sure that its food supply isn't cut off.
最神奇的是,粘菌的工作成果是在这个条件下获得的 But there's something even more extraordinary about what the slime mould has done.
那就是马克并没有把碎麦片摆成规则的形状 Mark hasn't just laid out the flakes in a random pattern.
我们把位于中间的一大团粘菌当作是东京市 The large blob in the middle is Tokyo
其它的碎麦片当作是东京周围的城市 and each of the food sources are positioned as cities nearby Tokyo.
--那么,这就意味围绕着东京来发展这些区域的? --不错 So, it's a re-creation of the area around Tokyo? Indeed.
这些是东京周围的铁路，是它赖以生存的基础 This is actually what it's based on, the rail network around Tokyo.
我们把东京的铁路图和粘菌的照片叠加在一起,对齐... We can superimpose that over. Ok, so we align it...
看起来很一致! 完全是一模一样! That's identical! It's absolutely identical!
你可以看到许多连接都相同,基本上能够重合在一起 You see a lot of these connections. It's formed the same sort of links,it's got a few extra ones in as well,
--粘菌的网状系统比工程师们的更具有适应性... --且慢! it's a slightly more resilient network than the ones the engineers designed... Hold on!
你刚才告诉我的,我确认一下 You're telling me, wait a minute,
粘菌的网状系统很好... that this slime mould has built a better network...
远远胜过... A remarkably similar network...
--人类建造的 --是的 than the humans built. Yes.
东京铁路网是很有效率的 The Tokyo rail system is one of the most efficient
运作得有条不紊 合理得当 and well organised in the world.
它是许多富有经验的工程师呕心沥血的杰作 It took lots of skilled engineers using lots of brain power to plan.
然而,不知怎么回事,粘菌的表现却更胜一筹 Yet, somehow, slime mould has achieved the same goal,
完美地把每一个位置高效连接起来 how to efficiently link together multiple locations.
粘菌也被用来研究过世界上的其它地区 Slime mould has also been put to work in other parts of world.
这是它正在"规划"英国主要的高速公路的情形 Here it tackles some of Britain's major motorways.
这是它对西班牙提出的最佳道路方案 This is its take on the best routes around Spain.
这是关于美国66号公路的有趣方案 And here are some interesting alternatives to Americas Route 66.
粘菌的这些表现在本质上说明了什么? What is the slime mould actually displaying here?
这是一种智能行为.粘菌没有大脑 It's a sort of smart behaviour. It hasn't got a brain,
没有神经系统,但它能够 it hasn't got a nervous system, but it still seems to be able to solve
使用非常简单的规则去解决比较复杂的问题 these sorts of complex problems with very simple rules.
这一点引起了我们的计算机专家同事的极大兴趣 It's something the computer scientists we work with are getting very interested in,
他们从中得到了灵感并运用到解决其它问题上 whether or not you can take inspiration from this system and apply it to other sorts of problems.
地球上最简单的生物 How does one of the most simple life-forms on Earth,
阿米巴变形虫是单细胞结构,大部分时间在忙于破坏林地 a single-celled amoeba that spends most of its time on woodland waste,
它用才智与运输专家和计算机专家比赛,会鹿死谁手呢? match its wits against transport engineers and computer scientists?
它那非同寻常的生物系统似乎是杀手锏 The clue seems to lie in its extraordinary biology.
布鲁斯.因尔教授是出名的粘菌专家 Professor Bruce Ing is a self confessed slime mould obsessive.
他将帮助我去跟踪了解 He's going to help me track down some slime mould
粘菌在原生栖息地的情况 in one of its native habitats.
粘菌是不是很罕见? Slime moulds aren't rare things?
--噢,不.它们实际上非常普遍,到处都是 --只是被忽视了? Oh, no. They're very common, indeed. They're everywhere. But overlooked?
被忽视是因为它们天生腼腆,不容易被发现 Overlooked because they are shy, not easy to find,
--除非你知道它们在哪里.--腼腆的粘菌! unless you know where to look. Shy slime moulds!
--记得《变形怪体》电影吗？ --记得 Do you remember the film The Blob? Yes.
一团巨大的软体正在吞噬移民者 A giant mass of jelly, eating caravans.
--那是粘菌? --是的 It was a slime mould? It was.
但不是我们在寻找的这种 But not one we'll find here.
但愿不是那样大的块头 Not as big as that, I hope.
布鲁斯有54年的野外经验,对我们搜寻难找的粘菌很有帮助 Bruce's 54 years in the field prove vital as we hunt the elusive slime mould.
半个小时后,他发现了我们的目标 After half an hour, he finds what we are looking for.
--这与我的想象绝然不同. --对.这是想象不到的 It's not quite the sheet I was hoping for. No, indeed not.
但这正是庐山真容 But it's still the real McCoy.
这个橙色小片物体就是正在爬行的粘菌 This small patch of orange is creeping slime mould.
凑近前去,你会看到它在不停地起伏 Up close, you can see how it's constantly pulsating.
当某一部分发现喜欢的食物 When one part of it finds something it likes to eat,
它会起伏得更加厉害 it pulses more rapidly.
科学家相信这种起伏动作可以帮助 Scientists believe that it's this pulsating that helps transmit
把信息传递给全体细胞 information across the entire cell,
从而让粘菌直奔食物 allowing the slime mould to move towards its food source.
这些起伏动作控制它们,从哪里以及怎么样去通过森林植被 These pulsations control where and how they grow across the forest floor,
或是围绕着碎麦片,建立类似于东京铁路图的网络系统 or even around the oat flakes of the Tokyo rail map.
粘菌的特别之处在于 What's so special about slime mould is that it can use
它能利用这些信息去决定各种行动方案 this information to make multiple decisions, simultaneously.
这是单细胞生物难得的特殊本能 Pretty ingenious stuff for a single-celled organism.
粘菌的行为在已知的自我组织系统中 Slime moulds are what's known as self organising systems.
不是大自然中独一无二 It's not a unique phenomenon in nature.
鸟群的活动也是类似的方式 Flocks of birds work in a similar way.
没有首领,没有统一的控制 With no leader, no overall control,
鸟群的行动仍然能犹如一体 the flock nevertheless acts as a single unit.
不过,粘菌还能做鸟群所不能做到的事 But slime mould can do something that flocks of birds could never do.
“黄金脑”机器,就是首例由粘菌控制的机器人 Meet the Phi-Bot, the world's first slime mould controlled robot.
它是本田宗一郎.津田和克劳思.彼得.佐纳 The Phi-Bot is the brain child of Dr Soichiro Tsuda
这两位南安普敦大学博士的杰作 and Dr Klaus Peter Zauner from Southampton University.
他们设计的机器人听命于一小团粘菌 Their robot takes its orders from a tiny blob of slime mould.
我不是很相信你们,我要... I sort of don't believe you, I want to...
(笑声) (HE LAUGHS)
...我要观察它的情况,眼见为实 ..I want to see it working. Prove it!
(笑声) 本田宗一郎,启动开关吧 (THEY LAUGH) Soichiro, flip the switch.
真让人难以置信 It just seems almost unbelievable.
--不会马上能动作起来,是吧? --不会马上....噢 It's not instant, is it? It's not instant... Oh!
哇!真了不起! Wow! That's fantastic!
粘菌被放置在机器内部的电路板上 The slime mould sits on an electronic chip, inside the robot.
它通过不停的起伏动作在单细胞内部传递信息 As it transmits information around its single-cell by pulsing,
机器人接收到这种起伏脉冲,然后进行信号转化 the robot detects these pulses and translates them
从而能够在台面上行动自如 into much larger movements across the surface of the table.
把有机生物放入机器人的主意,你是怎样想到? How did you get the idea for having a live organism inside a robot?
灵感来自于科幻电视剧"Dr. Who"中的机器人戴立克 One inspiration source obviously from the Daleks, from Doctor Who?
--这是戴立克的现实版? --是的 This is inspired by a Dalek? Yes.
--原理是一样的,是吧? --非常正确 Well, it's the same thing, isn't it? Yeah exactly.
把有机生物放进机器里,让它控制机器 You've got a live organism in the machine, which controls it.
这个“黄金脑”机器人开创的新方式已经接近计算机的运作了 The Phi-Bot is pioneering a new approach to computing.
电脑通常都是用一个独立的中央处理器来进行运算 Today's computers use a single central processing unit to do their thinking.
但是粘菌不需要询问大脑下一步怎么做 But the slime mould has no need to ask a brain what to do,
所有的细胞部件协同工作,力求达到最好的整体目的 all parts of the cell just work together, for the good of the whole.
这个简单的有机生物进行信息处理的方式 The simple organism inside, processes information in a completely
完全不同于我们通常的计算机技术 radically different way from our conventional computing technology.
对它们如何处理信息,我们需要作进一步的研究 We want to learn more about how it can do that information processing.
对粘菌的研究将是计算机技术发展的重要契机 So slime mould could hold the secret to a revolution in computing.
甚至可以因此而创建人工智能 Or even the creation of artificial intelligence.
木头里的发现真不错 Not bad for something you can find in your wood pile.
按我们的腐烂计划推算,现在只剩下一个星期的时间了 There's only a week left to go in our project to study decay in a typical house and garden.
房子里的变化开始慢下来 The pace of change in the box is beginning to slow down.
不过即使到了现在,腐烂还是在按步就班地进行着 But, even now, decay is following an ordered sequence.
留下的分解者在以其它东西为食物 What one decomposer leaves behind is food for others.
现在是第44天,有一件事情非常明显 Well, it's day 44 and the one thing that's immediately obvious,
这里的气味完全不难闻了,实际上可以说是相当舒适 it doesn't smell nearly as bad in here. It's actually quite pleasant.
再就是现在显然只是有很少的苍蝇 The other thing that's obvious is there are very few flies now,
孵化出来的苍蝇绝大多数死掉了 the majority of the flies that hatched out have died.
这个地方居然会尸横遍野,我真想不到 There aren't as many dead ones lying about as I'd expected, but
看来当时这些苍蝇是在努力地 it looks like a few flies might have got themselves stuck
想从酒瓶里找吃喝的东西 in this bottle of wine, as they searched for something to drink.
它给堵住了,哇! This is solid. Uh!
请看这里,噢,的天哪! Look at this. Oh my God!
哇!真不可思议 Urgh! That is incredible.
(笑声) (HE LAUGHS)
我不能把它们全部倒出来 I can't get them all out.
有生以来,我从没看到过这么多的苍蝇在瓶子里 I've never seen so many flies in one bottle, in my life.
现在已经把它们全部倒出来了 I can barely get them out.
怪不得现在看不到很多的苍蝇在飞 That sort of explains why I wasn't seeing as many flies
正如我之前所意料的一样 flying around, as I expected.
它们大多到了这里 It's because most of them were in here.
请仔细看一下,真不敢相信,数量非常的多 Look at it. It's just incredible. It's thick.
密密麻麻的都是苍蝇 That's thick with flies.
房子里非常干燥 Conditions in the box are very dry.
所有肉类都只是残留腱筋和表皮,而且变得很硬 All that remains of the meat are hardened chunks of sinew and skin.
即使苍蝇还能幸存,但已经没有食物可以喂养下一批蛆虫了 Even if the flies had survived there's nothing left for another generation of maggots to feed on.
但这对甲虫来说,这些却是很好的食物 But this is the perfect fodder for beetles.
干燥的肉类散发出一丝刺鼻的气味 This dried meat gives off a far less pungent odour, but the smell
这是开始进入腐烂的下一个阶段的信号 it does produce gives them a signal that starts the next stage in decay.
腐烂的行动是一浪接一浪,鱼块变得干硬 Decay happens in a series in waves, this fish is dry and hard,
甲虫的幼虫将会以它作为食物.所以完全没有浪费 there are beetle larvae who will eat it. So there's no waste.
我正在寻找甲虫的幼虫 That's what I'm hunting for now, I'm hunting for the larvae
我发现有一只食橱甲虫 of a larder beetle and there's one right there.
食橱甲虫的幼虫在家庭附近经常可以见到 Larder beetle larvae are present in around half of all homes.
动物尸体变得干燥,没有水分,才能引起它们的兴趣 They only colonise a carcass once it's become dried and desiccated.
强力的颚使得它们可以吃掉肉类、头发和皮肤 Their powerful jaws allow them to eat through flesh, hair and skin.
从而对动物尸体的利用能够达到极致 And they can strip an animal down to the bone.
腐烂的这个阶段推进得很慢 This stage in decay moves slowly though.
幼虫要花几个月去化蛹,变为成年的甲虫 Larder beetle larvae take months to pupate into these adults.
需要几代食橱甲虫花上好几年，才能完全利用掉残留的东西 The job of recycling what remains in the box could take generations of them, years to complete.
可是房子内的另一种昆虫有着突飞猛进的本事 But another beetle in our box does allow us
让事情有了一日千里的发展 to see how effective these insects can be.
在36天前,两只埋藏甲虫用了不到12个小时 36 days ago, two sexton beetles took less than 12 hours
去埋葬我们的死老鼠 to bury our dead rat.
我要临时客串一下考古学家 What I'm aching to do now is a spot of archaeology.
因为埋藏甲虫已经埋藏了老鼠 Because what has happened is, the sextons beetles have taken
它们把老鼠弄成一团,呈球状 the rat down and they will have formed it into a ball,
方便它们的幼虫进食,足以满足36天的食量 on which their larvae have fed and hopefully 36 days should be
我会找到藏着老鼠的地窖 enough time. I should find a crypt in which the rat sits,
在肮脏的老鼠毛皮下面 surrounded by its own fur, which they smear on the outside.
只有骨骼会残留下来 And there should just be bones left.
一想到这些,我就热切地期盼着尽快一睹真相 This, for me, is about as exciting as it gets.
我将用真空吸尘器小心地清走泥土 I'm going to use a hoover to gently take away the soil.
这些昆虫最让人惊异的是 What is amazing about these insects is,
它们会照料后代,这在昆虫里是很少有的 they're one of the very few insects who look after their young.
它们对后代的照顾无微不至.当它们把猎物拖下去 They take care of their young. Once they've dragged the prey down,
埋藏在地里,然后在周围产卵 and hidden it underground, they'll lay the eggs around the crypt,
接下来幼虫会钻进去,享用食物 and then the larvae will move in and feed.
这样就可以让幼虫吃喝无忧 And they'll help them to feed as well.
现在我们开始看到大致的外形了 We're beginning to see a shape here.
激动的一刻到了.让我们先关掉吸尘器 This is very exciting. Turn that off.
不知我能不能把它移出来 Wonder if I can free it.
看起来很奇特 That is just fantastic.
仔细看吧,整个老鼠只剩下这一些了 There look at that, that's all that remains of the rat.
你可以看到顶部的颅骨和牙齿 You can see the top part of the skull and the teeth.
其它的部分就全没了 The rest of it has completely disappeared,
整个老鼠被吃得干干净净 there's nothing left of that rat.
时间来到了第八周,我们的实验接近尾声 We're now at week eight. We're nearing the end of our project.
我继续观察腐烂的最后阶段 But there is one final stage of decay I want to investigate.
这可能是最重要的阶段 And it's probably the most important.
我们已经观察了养分的情况,不单是在植物中的 We've watched as the nutrients, locked up in plant
还有动物里的,都被其它有机物体重新利用了 and animal remains, have been re-used by other organisms.
在过程当中,例如鸡只、老鼠和水果等具有复杂结构的 In the process, complex things like chickens, rats and fruit,
最后变成了昆虫、真菌或细菌等等的简单结构 have become simpler ones, insects, fungi, bacteria.
腐烂的真正力量在于它能把复杂结构还原 But the true power of decay is its ability to reduce complex things
重新回归为生命的最根本基础 right back to the most basic building blocks of life.
这个道理也贯穿在我们的试验方案中 And all through the project,
眼下正寂静地发生在房子的一个角落里 that's been quietly happening in a corner of the box.
这里可以很好地观察腐烂的运转 This is one of best places to see decay in action. We set this up
我们在八周前,在里面堆满了植物 eight weeks ago and it was piled to the top with plant material.
我们在中途还另外添加了一些，现在已经完全腐烂下去了 It's now completely decayed down, we've been adding to it.
让我们看看里面，到底发生了什么事情 What I really want to do, is have a look inside and see what's going on.
腐烂已经发生了.而接下来 Now, decay has been happening and the further you go down,
蜗牛出场了，就是泥铲手柄上的家伙 the more advanced it is. There's a snail on the trowel handle.
所有的园丁都知道，把死去的植物堆积起来 As all gardeners know, compost heaps turn dead plants
就能得到新植物所需要的养分 into a form of nutrients that new plants can use.
在土壤的表面，蜗牛、鼻涕虫和蠕虫等动物大现身手 On the surface, animals like snails, slugs and worms begin the process
细嚼慢咽植物的残骸，使之破坏成碎片 by eating the remains of plants, helping to break them into pieces.
动物的排泄物以及留下来的其它东西 The waste they excrete, and anything else left behind,
成为更小生物体的食物，比如这些螨虫 is eaten by smaller creatures like these mites.
它们很小，肉眼无法看见 Too tiny to be seen with the naked eye.
这场好戏在堆肥里持续上演 And this process continues down through the compost.
不断有更小的生物 Ever smaller organisms,
把植物组织分解为更小的成分 reducing the plant waste to ever smaller components.
直到细小的真菌和细菌吞噬植物细胞，才是这场好戏的压轴之作 Until tiny fungi and bacteria are able to break down the very cells of the plant.
一汤匙的泥土里含有十亿个微生物 A teaspoon of soil contains four billion micro-organisms.
它们在最后会释放 They finally release the nitrogen
氮以及其它构建有机生物的基础成分,归于泥土 and other building blocks of organic life, back into the soil.
我们的最终成果 What we end up with,
就是极为细小的土壤微粒 is an incredibly very fine soil,
这是在腐烂分解过程中,无数有机物共同努力的结果 the result of the breakdown processes of countless organisms.
得到了一大堆泥土,你可能认为故事已经结束.但你错了 Having begun with a big pile of green material, you may think that is an end point, but it's not,
现在只是敲响了开场的锣鼓 it's just the beginning.
由此开始,生命才算是能够重新构建 From here, life can begin to rebuild.
对我来说,这是腐烂故事里最为震憾的一刻 To me, this is the most amazing moment in the story of decay.
在进入第八周的时候 When we began eight weeks ago,
通过独一无二的方式,我们想去说明它的意义 we wanted to demonstrate its significance in a unique way.
在房子里的实验中,这可能是最重要的项目之一 This is probably one of the most important experiments we've set up in the box.
看起来它们只是普通的植物,但将会告诉我们 These may look like ordinary plants but they're going to show us
整个故事的扣人心弦之处 a part of the story that's absolutely crucial.
这些是金盏花和萝卜的苗 These are the marigolds and radish seedlings
我在实验刚开始时候,就种植下去 I planted back at the beginning of the project.
它们茂盛生长,现在已经成熟 They've flourished into mature plants.
我给它们浇灌一种特别的液体肥料, I've been feeding them with a special liquid compost
它来自于植物,我们对用化学方法标识了其中的氮成分 made from plants grown using chemically labelled nitrogen atoms.
虽然所有用于实验的物体都消失了 If everything has gone according to plan,
但我们能够跟踪氮的成分 we should be able to track how individual atoms of nitrogen
通过了解氮是怎样从芥末转移到植苗的 are transferred from the mustard plant to our seedlings.
就能够知道由死到生的过程 From death to life.
我们把植物样本提供给马尔科姆.克兰奇教授 We sent samples of our plants to Professor Malcolm Clench.
验证我们的实验是否凑效 It's time to find out if our experiment has worked.
第一个样本是金盏花的 The first one is from the marigold.
你会看到金盏花叶子的图像 What can you see at the moment is a photograph of the marigold leaf.
有特殊标记的氮成分如果被吸收,会精确地显示位置 He's able to pinpoint exactly where the labelled nitrogen has ended up.
随着视频片段的播放,我们会逐渐看到 As I start to play the video clip, we'll come up with
大量的氮成分出现在叶子上 an overlay that shows the nitrogen in high abundance.
--看得很清楚 --对,直观易懂 That's really clear. Yes, very clear.
每一个灰点就是作了特殊标识的氮成分 Each one of these dots shows where we found traces of the labelled
它从芥末植物转移到了金盏花 nitrogen from the mustard plant in our marigold leaf.
白色区域则是这些氮成分最集中的地方 White areas show where it's concentrated.
为什么百分百地肯定,有标识的氮成分来自实验,而不是其它地方? How can we be 100% sure that labelled nitrogen has come from our experiment and nowhere else?
在自然界里，土壤的含氮量只有0.3% The form of nitrogen we're using is only 0.3% naturally abundant.
这些区域集中了这么多的氮成分，只能是来自于芥末 We can see areas of high intensity and they can only have come from
它就是依靠有标识的氮成分去生长 the mustard that was grown with the labelled nitrogen in.
--因此,这是不是生命循环的确凿证据? --肯定是的 So, that is the definitive proof of the cycle of life? Indeed.
你可能会对萝卜的结果更感兴趣 I think you're going to be pleased with the radish results.
我们看到的是一只完好无损的萝卜 We can see first off a very nice radish.
就是你采摘给我的 One that you prepared earlier.
哇,注意看哪! Wow look at that!
真的是铁证如山 That is absolutely cast iron proof,
在这个例子中，物质和化学元素发生了转移 that we have transferred material, an element in this case,
来源于死亡腐烂的植物,转而被其它物体获取并吸收 from one plant, dead and decayed,fed to something else and it takes it up.
对,这是不容置疑的 Yes, it's incontrovertible.
我们的实验的目的,就是希望 This is what I hoped we'd see when we began our project.
通过观察腐烂现象,从而让它的基本原理 It's the fundamental principle of decay,
能够呈现在我们眼前 revealed in front of our eyes.
迄今为止,目的顺利达到了 For me, this is as good as it gets.
因为持续数月的腐烂,"生命真相实验室"变得面貌全非 Two months of decay have transformed the After Life box.
当初的新鲜食物失去了某些部分 Little is left of the fresh food we began with.
残留下来的会继续不可阻挡的旅程,重归于生命的根本基础 And what remains will continue its inexorable journey back to the basic building blocks of life.
但就象颇具戏剧性的植物试验,它所揭示的那样 But, as our plant experiment so dramatically demonstrated,
所有的一切最终都会重生 what we have witnessed in the box is a process of renewal.
天下万物皆是如此 That we are all part of.
光阴似箭,生命苦短 It's a real snap-shot of everyone's life.
能看到物体的变化,就象现在所做到,真是好实验 To see things changing, as they do, is a fantastic experiment.
如果没有腐烂,世界就会乱七八糟 We'd be in a horrible mess if we didn't have decay.
大自然清理死亡的物体 When you see what nature can do to get rid of all the dead things in the world...
依赖的就是腐烂的发生,从而让生命得以延续下去 We need that decay to happen in order for life to go on, I guess.
噢,天哪! 看看那里 Oh, my God! Look at that.
我们曾经认为生命是一条直线,有起点和终点 We tend to think of life as a linear process, with a beginning and end.
物体沿着直线,从出生走向死亡 Things go from life to death.
我希望这个实验能让大家有新的认识 I hope the box has shown this process in a new light.
生命是周而复始的循环 Life is an ever repeating cycle.
不仅是在这里,在地球上的其它地方也是一样 One that's not just happening here, but everywhere on the planet.
地球上动植物的生态系统依赖这个持续不断的循环 The plants and animals of Earth's ecosystems rely on this continuing cycle.
甚至是构建我们人体的各种原子，也在不断循环往复 Even the atoms that make us up are recycled.
它们来自我们吃掉的食物,呼吸的空气 They come from the food we eat, the air we breathe,
存在于我们的肌肉、血液和骨骼里面 they're in our flesh, blood and bones.
它们已经被重复利用了无数次 They've been used millions of times before,
而且在将来还会被重复利用无数次 and they'll be used millions of times again.
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